# Nanotechnology-Enabled Precision Therapy for Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how nanotechnology can improve targeted therapies for lung cancer in people who have never smoked, by overcoming biological barriers and resistance issues.

## Contribution

The paper introduces nanocarrier-based strategies to enhance drug delivery and address resistance in lung cancer in never-smokers.

## Key findings

- Nanocarriers can improve drug solubility, circulation, and targeting in lung cancer in never-smokers.
- Combining TKIs with nucleic acid-based therapies via nanocarriers may help overcome resistance mechanisms.
- Successful clinical translation depends on biomarker-guided patient selection and scalable manufacturing.

## Abstract

Lung cancer in never-smokers (LCINS) represents a distinct clinical entity driven by dominant oncogenic alterations and characterized by a low tumor mutational burden. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) achieve high initial response rates, their long-term efficacy is limited by suboptimal pharmacokinetics, restricted central nervous system (CNS) penetration, tumor microenvironment barriers, and acquired resistance. In this review, we critically assess the current state of nanotechnology-assisted drug delivery systems for LCINS, with a primary focus on how rationally designed nanocarriers can overcome biological barriers, enable molecular subtype-specific therapeutic strategies, and address mechanisms that limit clinical efficacy and durability of response. We conducted a structured literature search using PubMed and Web of Science (January 2022 to November 2025), focusing on primary studies reporting the preparation, physicochemical properties, and therapeutic performance of nanocarriers in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as available pharmacokinetic and clinical data. LCINS is characterized by inefficient vasculature, high extracellular matrix density, active efflux transporters, and immunosuppressive niches, and is frequently complicated by brain metastases. Nanocarrier-based platforms can enhance aqueous solubility, prolong systemic circulation, and improve tumor or CNS targeting. Co-delivery systems combining TKIs with nucleic acid-based therapeutics, together with stimuli-responsive platforms, offer the potential for simultaneous modulation of multiple oncogenic pathways and partial mitigation of resistance mechanisms. In summary, nanotechnology provides a promising strategy to improve both the efficacy and specificity of targeted therapies in LCINS. Successful clinical translation will depend on biologically aligned carrier–payload combinations, scalable and reproducible manufacturing processes, and biomarker-guided patient selection.