# Research on Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in the Internet of Vehicles Based on Blockchain and Game Theory

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a blockchain and game theory-based system for efficient and secure spectrum sharing in vehicle networks.

## Contribution

A novel hybrid consensus mechanism and Stackelberg game model for dynamic spectrum allocation in IoV using blockchain.

## Key findings

- The proposed scheme optimizes spectrum resource utility for both supply and demand sides.
- The system improves social benefits and outperforms baseline algorithms in detecting malicious nodes.
- Smart contracts enable immutable records for secure and efficient spectrum allocation.

## Abstract

With the rapid development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), the explosive growth of data traffic within the system has led to a surge in demand for spectrum resources. However, the strict limitations on spectrum supply make the construction of an efficient and reasonable resource allocation scheme crucial for IoV. To maximize social benefits and improve security in the resource allocation process under IoV spectrum scarcity, this paper proposes a dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) scheme based on a consortium blockchain framework. In this scheme, we design a demand-based vehicle priority classification method and propose a novel hybrid consensus mechanism—PhDPoR—which integrates practical byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) and Hierarchical Delegated Proof of Reputation. Furthermore, we construct a multi-leader, multi-follower (MLMF) Stackelberg game model and utilize smart contracts to implement an immutable on-chain record of spectrum resource allocation, thereby deriving the optimal spectrum pricing and purchase strategy. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme not only effectively optimizes the utility of both supply and demand sides and improves overall social benefits while ensuring efficiency, but also significantly outperforms baseline algorithms in identifying and mitigating malicious nodes, thus verifying its feasibility and application value in complex IoV environments.