# 3D Localization of Hydrating Sources in Concrete Based on AE and Tomography

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a method using acoustic emission and tomography to track hydration sources in concrete in 3D, improving early-age quality control.

## Contribution

The paper presents a novel 3D localization technique for hydrating sources in SAP concrete using AE and AET.

## Key findings

- AE event source localization reveals active hydration zones in 3D during concrete curing.
- AET visualizes stiffness development spatially and temporally, reflecting material changes.
- The method enables non-destructive, real-time monitoring of internal water curing uniformity.

## Abstract

Plastic shrinkage and self-desiccation, along with the associated early-age cracking, are still among the most important factors that influence long-term performance of concrete structures, including durability. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) have been widely researched for application in concrete to mitigate shrinkage through facilitating effective internal curing by releasing water into the mixture to promote continuous hydration of cement. The acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technique, due to its high sensitivity, has proven very effective in tracking the process of water release by SAPs in concrete during early-stage curing. Typically, AE parameters such as cumulative activity, amplitude and energy are utilized to characterize the kinetics of curing processes. While these parameters indicate well the internal activity of SAPs in time, they do not offer information on the precise location of the active sources within the material’s volume, leaving a crucial gap in the understanding of the ongoing microstructural changes caused by internal water distribution and cement hydration. In this sense, AE event source localization can offer information about the active zones of water hydration activity in the material 3D domain, allowing detection of their evolution during concrete curing. Meanwhile, Acoustic Emission Tomography (AET) computes ultrasonic velocity distributions in different periods of monitoring, which are governed by acoustic characteristics of the concrete mixtures, to visualize material stiffness development spatially and temporally. This level of insight is particularly important for SAP concrete, where uniformity of internal water curing is essential for ensuring long-term durability and material soundness. By visualizing how the hydration sources evolve in real time, these methods offer an effective, non-destructive, and cost-effective solution for early-age concrete quality control, which would be challenging to achieve through other techniques.