# Microbiome-Mediated Cd Stabilization in Chilli Pepper: Roles of Capsaicinoids and Cultivar Genetics Under Environmental Stress

## TL;DR

This review explores how chilli pepper microbiomes and capsaicinoids help reduce cadmium uptake in crops, especially under drought and soil contamination.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a mechanistic framework linking capsaicinoid-rich cultivars, genetic loci, and rhizosphere microbiomes for cadmium phytostabilization.

## Key findings

- Capsaicinoid-rich cultivars achieve 40–55% Cd retention in roots, limiting transfer to fruits.
- PGPR consortia with organic amendments reduce fruit Cd and Ni by over 87% in contaminated soils.
- Pun1 and Pun4 genes regulate microbial assembly and secondary metabolism under metal stress.

## Abstract

Chilli pepper agroecosystems (Capsicum annuum L.) are increasingly threatened by cadmium (Cd) contamination, with emerging climatic stressors such as drought further exacerbating risks to food safety and crop productivity. This review synthesizes current evidence on microbiome-mediated Cd phytostabilisation in chilli pepper, with a particular focus on the roles of capsaicinoids and cultivar-specific genetic regulation in shaping rhizosphere microbial communities. Existing studies demonstrate that capsaicinoid-rich cultivars selectively recruit specialized rhizosphere microbes, enhancing root-level Cd sequestration and achieving Cd retention efficiencies of approximately 40–55%, thereby substantially restricting Cd translocation to edible fruit tissues. Multi-strain plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) consortia, especially when combined with structured organic amendments, have been reported to reduce fruit Cd and nickel (Ni) accumulation by more than 87% in contaminated soils. These responses are regulated by pungency-associated genetic loci, including Pun1 (pungency locus 1) and Pun4 (pungency locus 4) genes, which influence secondary metabolism and microbial assembly under metal stress conditions. The review highlights key knowledge gaps regarding the long-term stability of engineered rhizobiomes, the in situ dynamics of the Capsicum volatilome as a microbial recruitment signal, and the interactive effects of Cd contamination and drought in field environments. Overall, this synthesis provides a mechanistic framework for deploying high-pungency cultivars and microbiome-based strategies to improve Cd phytostabilisation, with important implications for sustainable chilli production in drought-prone, metal-contaminated agroecosystems.