# Microbial Succession on Honey Bee Body Surfaces Reflects Behavioral Maturation

## TL;DR

This study shows that the microbial communities on honey bee body surfaces change as the bees mature behaviorally, with distinct patterns observed across different life stages.

## Contribution

The study reveals a novel link between behavioral maturation and shifts in surface microbiota in both Eastern and Western honey bees.

## Key findings

- Forager bees had the highest microbial diversity, while nurse bees had the lowest.
- Microbial communities varied significantly across behavioral stages and between the two honey bee species.
- Foragers showed higher abundance of Gilliamella, while nurses had more Lactobacillus.

## Abstract

Behavioral maturation is essential for the proper functioning of honey bee societies and is regulated by multiple factors such as juvenile hormone (JH) and nutritional deficiency. Although recent studies have shown that surface-associated microbiota in insects can modulate host behavior, the relationship between body surface microbiota and behavioral maturation in honey bees remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to determine whether the surface microbial communities of honey bees shift with behavioral maturation. By using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we analyzed the surface microbiota of worker bees at different behavioral stages (newly emerged bees, nurses, and foragers) in both Eastern honey bee Apis cerana and Western honey bee Apis mellifera. The results showed that in both honey bee species, nurse bees exhibited the lowest microbial diversity, while forager bees showed the highest, and newly emerged bees had an intermediate level of microbial diversity. Moreover, beta diversity analyses revealed that the body surface microbiota of worker bees significantly varied across behavioral stages in both bee species and differed between the two bee species at the same behavioral stage. Additionally, in both bee species, at the phylum level, Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, and Actinobacteriota dominated the worker bee body surface microbiota; at the genus level, foragers had more Gilliamella, while nurses harbored more Lactobacillus. Together, our findings reveal the emergence of distinct microbial signatures on honey bee body surfaces during behavioral maturation.