# The Advances in Novel Delivery Strategies for Hirudin Against Cardiovascular Diseases

## TL;DR

This paper reviews new delivery methods for hirudin, a powerful drug for treating heart and blood vessel diseases, to improve its effectiveness and safety.

## Contribution

The paper highlights recent advances in hirudin-based drug delivery systems and proposes future research directions for their development.

## Key findings

- Nanotechnology-based delivery systems improve hirudin's stability and targeting ability in the body.
- Responsive release mechanisms enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing bleeding risks.
- Future strategies include intelligent carriers and real-time feedback systems for better treatment outcomes.

## Abstract

The natural polypeptide drug hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, exhibits potent anticoagulant, anti-myocardial fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but its clinical application remains limited by its low bioavailability, insufficient targeting capability, and bleeding risk. In recent years, the development of nanotechnology has enabled peptide drug delivery systems to demonstrate substantial promise in medical practice. Significant progress has been made in overcoming limitations and enhancing therapeutic efficacy against CVD through the use of Hirudin-based drug delivery systems by addressing drug stability in vivo, improving targeting ability, and ultimately achieving responsive release. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and novel delivery strategies of the peptide drug hirudin in the treatment of CVD, with a particular focus on recent advances in hirudin-based drug delivery systems, and it also looks forward to future research directions for hirudin delivery systems, including the development of scalable intelligent carriers, the construction of real-time feedback systems, and the establishment of standardized in vitro and in vivo evaluation systems, aiming to present novel strategies for safe and efficient treatment of CVD.