# Phage Display-Derived Peptides Have Neutralizing Activities Against Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris and Candida parapsilosis

## TL;DR

This study uses phage display to find peptides that stop Candida species from forming biofilms without harming human cells.

## Contribution

A whole-cell phage display workflow was developed to identify non-toxic, biofilm-inhibiting peptides against multiple Candida species.

## Key findings

- Species-selective, high-affinity peptides were identified that inhibit early biofilm formation.
- The peptides are non-cytotoxic to human cells and do not affect planktonic Candida viability.
- Some peptides also slowed early biofilm maturation.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Infections caused by Candida albicans, Candidozyma auris, and Candida parapsilosis increasingly challenge current treatment options as resistance to currently used antifungals is continuously developing. Neutralizing antimicrobial peptides (nAMPs), which modulate pathogenic behavior rather than inducing cell death, represent a promising approach to fighting against fungal infections. Methods: This study established a whole-cell phage display workflow to identify novel nAMPs, and therefore three independent biopanning processes with the Ph.D.-12 phage display library against C. albicans, C. auris, and C. parapsilosis cells were conducted. Results: Phage display produced species-selective, high-affinity peptides that were non-cytotoxic to human cells and did not affect planktonic Candida viability. These peptides inhibited early biofilm formation, and several also slowed early biofilm maturation down. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that whole-cell phage display as a powerful and adaptable discovery tool is suitable for identifying nAMPs that neutralize biofilm development without toxicity towards human cells. Beyond the peptides described here, this approach expands the methodological toolbox for antifungal research and provides a sustainable approach for generating targeted peptides.