# Consensus Molecules Associated with Parkinson’s Disease **Authors:** Sara Eyal, Shira Alfasi, Karin Ben Zaken, Ibrahim O. Sawaid, Lior Segev, Samuel Mesfin, Pnina Frankel, Rahaf Ezzy, Trishna Saha-Detroja, Shilpa Madhavan, Naamah Bloch, Baruh Polis, Abraham O. Samson PMC · DOI: 10.3390/neurolint18020023 · Neurology International · 2026-01-27 ## Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been associated with some types of food and drugs. Here, we query PubMed for the association of PD with foods and drugs, using a list of 217,776 compounds derived from the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB). To calculate associations, a Python script was developed to query PubMed for co-citations of PD with each compound, and adjust this count for compound abundance. Notably, PD is found to be associated with small-molecule drugs, adjunctive therapies, contraindicated drugs, diagnostic agents, biomarkers, conditional essential molecules, and inducers. Drugs include L-dopa (49%), carbidopa (63%), benserazide (50%), entacapone (74%), tolcapone (56%), rasagiline (76%), selegiline (46%), pargyline (4%), ropinirole (61%), pramipexole (56%), lisuride (27%), cabergoline (16%), bromocriptine (12%), and zonisamide (9%). Adjunctive therapies include droxidopa (33%), trihexyphenidyl (28%), biperiden (17%), amantadine (24%), memantine (7%), rivastigmine (13%), donepezil (6%), galantamine (4%), domperidone (6%), clonazepam (4%), tetrabenazine (16%), mazindol (13%), quetiapine (6%), and clozapine (4%). Contraindicated drugs include haloperidol (4%), sulpiride (3%), and methyldopa (6%). Diagnostic agents include FP-CIT (60%) and beta-CIT (43%). Biomarkers include 3-methoxytyrosine (48%) and homovanillic acid (12%). Endogenous cofactors include tetrahydrobiopterin (4%) and Coenzyme Q10 (4%). Chemical inducers of PD include 6-hydroxydopamine (40%), N-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 78%), tetrahydropyridine (77%), probenecid (4%), quinolinic acid (4%), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ, 16%), salsolinol (32%), rotenone (25%), and β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA, 29%). Notably, our study highlights conditional essential endogenous cofactors associated with PD and emphasizes rational directions for investigation in PD. ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** MAOB (monoamine oxidase B) [NCBI Gene 4129], VPS35 (VPS35 retromer complex component) [NCBI Gene 55737] {aka MEM3, PARK17}, LRRK2 (leucine rich repeat kinase 2) [NCBI Gene 120892] {aka AURA17, DARDARIN, PARK8, RIPK7, ROCO2}, PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 65018] {aka BRPK, PARK6}, TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) [NCBI Gene 7054] {aka DYT14, DYT5b, TYH}, AGMO (alkylglycerol monooxygenase) [NCBI Gene 392636] {aka TMEM195}, PRKN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) [NCBI Gene 5071] {aka AR-JP, LPRS2, PARK2, PDJ}, PAH (phenylalanine hydroxylase) [NCBI Gene 5053] {aka PH, PKU, PKU1}, PARK7 (Parkinsonism associated deglycase) [NCBI Gene 11315] {aka DJ-1, DJ1, GATD2, HEL-S-67p}, DDC (dopa decarboxylase) [NCBI Gene 1644] {aka AADC}, NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2) [NCBI Gene 4843] {aka HEP-NOS, INOS, NOS, NOS2A}, COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) [NCBI Gene 1312] {aka HEL-S-98n}, SNCA (synuclein alpha) [NCBI Gene 6622] {aka NACP, PARK1, PARK4, PD1} - **Diseases:** psychosis (MESH:D011618), neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (MESH:D007024), toxicity (MESH:D064420), tremors (MESH:D014202), bradykinesia (MESH:D018476), viral infections (MESH:D014777), hypertension (MESH:D006973), deficiencies (MESH:D007153), muscle rigidity (MESH:D009127), problems (MESH:D019973), infectious diseases (MESH:D003141), motor impairment (MESH:D000068079), cognitive impairments (MESH:D003072), dopaminergic (MESH:D009422), extrapyramidal adverse effects (MESH:D001480), dyskinesia (MESH:D004409), nausea and vomiting (MESH:D020250), dementia (MESH:D003704), Parkinson (MESH:D010302), diabetes (MESH:D003920), cancer (MESH:D009369), Alzheimer's disease (MESH:D000544), psychiatric (MESH:D001523), insomnia (MESH:D007319), neurotoxic (MESH:D020258), schizophrenia (MESH:D012559), atrophy (MESH:D001284), valvular and lung fibrosis (MESH:D005355), neurodegeneration (MESH:D019636), injury to (MESH:D014947), nigra (MESH:C000656904), Parkinsonian syndromes (MESH:D020734), gastrointestinal symptoms (MESH:D012817), PD (MESH:D010300), chorea (MESH:D002819), antibiotic (MESH:D004761), mitochondrial dysfunction (MESH:D028361), sleep disorders (MESH:D012893), head trauma (MESH:D006259), ergotism (MESH:D004881), cardiotoxicity (MESH:D066126), autoimmune diseases (MESH:D001327), falls (MESH:C537863), gait disturbances (MESH:D020233), vitamin D deficiency (MESH:D014808), dysarthria (MESH:D004401) - **Chemicals:** cocaine (MESH:D003042), droxidopa (MESH:D015103), RNS (MESH:D026361), NADPH (MESH:D009249), BH4 (MESH:C003402), isoflavone (MESH:D007529), dihydrobiopterin (MESH:C017226), homocysteine (MESH:D006710), vitamin K (MESH:D014812), ropinirole (MESH:C046649), pramipexole (MESH:D000077487), fatty acid (MESH:D005227), L-arginine (MESH:D001120), Methyldopa (MESH:D008750), Salsolinol (MESH:C036617), zonisamide (MESH:D000078305), serine (MESH:D012694), quinolone (MESH:D015363), FAD (MESH:D005182), 3-O-methyldopa (MESH:C008404), curcumin (MESH:D003474), Tetrabenazine (MESH:D013747), donepezil (MESH:D000077265), L-dopa (MESH:D007980), 1-methyl-TIQ (-), O2 (MESH:D013481), tyramine (MESH:D014439), hydrogen peroxide (MESH:D006861), Rivastigmine (MESH:D000068836), tolcapone (MESH:D000077867), PUFA (MESH:D005231), probenecid (MESH:D011339), benzodiazepine (MESH:D001569), Alcohol (MESH:D000438), sulpiride (MESH:D013469), tryptophan (MESH:D014364), anthocyanins (MESH:D000872), B9 (MESH:C014499), lead (MESH:D007854), NAD (MESH:D009243), dopamine (MESH:D004298), mazindol (MESH:D008454), ROS (MESH:D017382), folic acid (MESH:D005492), FP-CIT (MESH:C087552), serotonin (MESH:D012701), Quetiapine (MESH:D000069348), flavonoids (MESH:D005419), Rotenone (MESH:D012402), selegiline (MESH:D012642), rasagiline (MESH:C031967), benserazide (MESH:D001545), FMN (MESH:D005486), polyphenols (MESH:D059808), Quinoline (MESH:C037219), pergolide (MESH:D010479), ubiquinone (MESH:D014451), vitamins B12 (MESH:D014805), isoquinoline (MESH:C039109), pargyline (MESH:D010293) - **Species:** Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus, species) [taxon 93977], Nelumbo nucifera (Indian lotus, species) [taxon 4432], Chondrodendron tomentosum (species) [taxon 461568], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Striga asiatica (witchweed, species) [taxon 4170], Pteropodidae (flying foxes, family) [taxon 9398], Pachyrhizus erosus (jicama, species) [taxon 109171], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], Olea (olives, genus) [taxon 4145], Theobroma cacao (cacao, species) [taxon 3641], Glycyrrhiza (licorice, genus) [taxon 46347], Olea europaea (common olive, species) [taxon 4146], Cycas circinalis (species) [taxon 3397] ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12943292/full.md ## Figures 2 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12943292/full.md ## References 106 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12943292/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12943292