# Flow Stability of Nanofluid Thin Films on Non-Uniformly Heated Porous Slopes

## TL;DR

This paper studies how nanofluid films behave on heated porous slopes, showing that nanoparticle concentration can stabilize the flow.

## Contribution

The study introduces a new analysis of nanofluid stability on non-uniformly heated porous slopes using nonlinear simulations and stability theory.

## Key findings

- Higher nanoparticle volume fraction stabilizes nanofluid films by increasing the critical Reynolds number.
- Porous medium permeability, density difference, and Marangoni number destabilize the flow.
- Nonlinear simulations confirm that nanoparticle concentration suppresses disturbance amplitudes.

## Abstract

Thin liquid film flows of nanofluids over porous surfaces are central to applications ranging from microfluidic thermal management to precision coating technologies. This study investigates the hydrodynamic and thermal stability of a nanofluid flowing down a non-uniformly heated inclined porous plane subject to the Beavers-Joseph slip boundary condition. Using the long-wave approximation, a nonlinear evolution equation governing the film thickness is derived. The stability characteristics are systematically analyzed via linear stability theory, weakly nonlinear analysis, and fast Fourier transform (FFT) numerical simulations. Quantitative results indicate that the porous medium permeability, density difference, and Marangoni number act as destabilizing factors; specifically, increasing the porous parameter β (from 0 to 0.3), the density ratio ζ0 (from 0 to 5), and the Marangoni number Mn (from 0 to 0.3) significantly reduces the critical Reynolds number and accelerates the onset of interfacial instabilities. In contrast, increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction ϕ from 0 to 0.3 exerts a dominant stabilizing effect by elevating the critical Reynolds number and shrinking the unstable wavenumber domain. Furthermore, nonlinear simulations confirm that higher nanoparticle concentrations effectively suppress the saturation amplitude of disturbances, promoting the eventual stabilization of the liquid film.