# Functional Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors Enable Sensitive Detection of Disease-Related Small-Molecule Biomarkers for Diagnostics

## TL;DR

This review discusses how nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors can detect disease-related molecules with high sensitivity for medical and pharmaceutical applications.

## Contribution

The paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for detecting key biomolecules using functional nanomaterials.

## Key findings

- Electrochemical biosensors with nanomaterials offer high sensitivity and selectivity for detecting biomolecules like dopamine and glucose.
- These sensors are suitable for real-time monitoring in complex biological systems due to their low cost and ease of use.
- The review highlights strategies for integrating nanomaterials to improve sensor performance and translational applications.

## Abstract

Biomolecules play pivotal roles in cellular signaling, metabolic regulation and the maintenance of physiological homeostasis in the human body, and their dysregulation is closely associated with the onset and progression of various human diseases. Consequently, the development of highly sensitive, selective, and stable detection platforms for these molecules is of significant value for drug discovery, pharmaceutical quality control, pharmacodynamic studies, and personalized medicine. In recent years, electrochemical biosensors, particularly those integrated with functional nanomaterials and biorecognition elements, have emerged as powerful analytical platforms in pharmaceutics and biomedical analysis, owing to their high sensitivity, exquisite selectivity, rapid response, simple operation, low cost and suitability for real-time or in situ monitoring in complex biological systems. This review summarizes recent progress in the electrochemical detection of representative biomolecules, including dopamine, glucose, uric acid, hydrogen peroxide, lactate, glutathione and cholesterol. By systematically summarizing and analyzing existing sensing strategies and nanomaterial-based sensor designs, this review aims to provide new insights for the interdisciplinary integration of pharmaceutics, nanomedicine, and electrochemical biosensing, and to promote the translational application of these sensing technologies in drug analysis, quality assessment, and clinical diagnostics.