# Evidence for a Cytokine-Sensitive Network of Iron-Associated Genes That Protects Pancreatic Islets Against Ferroptosis

## TL;DR

This study shows that a network of iron-related genes protects pancreatic islets from cell death caused by inflammation and iron stress.

## Contribution

The paper identifies a cytokine-sensitive iron-gene network that unexpectedly protects islets from ferroptosis.

## Key findings

- Hamp, Steap4, and Lcn2 are the most cytokine-sensitive iron-associated genes in islets.
- Pre-exposure to low-grade inflammation protects islets from ferroptosis by upregulating these genes.
- Steap4 overexpression reduces islet dysfunction and upregulates Hamp and Lcn2.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: The micronutrient iron is closely connected to inflammation and is among the complex factors contributing to beta-cell failure in diabetes. High levels of dietary iron increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and excessive iron uptake by beta-cells can cause oxidative stress and inhibit function. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in obese individuals, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6, increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and there is evidence that these low levels of circulating cytokines can lead to islet dysfunction. Methods: In this study, gene microarray and other data were analyzed for expression differences in islets treated for 48 h with 10 pg/mL IL-1beta + 20 pg/mL IL-6 as a model of low-grade inflammation versus untreated. Results: Three iron-associated genes were among the most cytokine-sensitive in the mouse genome: Hamp, Steap4, and Lcn2. These proteins are all involved with increasing/retaining cellular iron. We hypothesized that increased cellular iron would lead to increased susceptibility to ferroptosis. Surprisingly, 24 h pre-exposure to low-grade inflammation, which upregulates this iron-gene network, prevented subsequent erastin-induced ferroptosis. We also found that Steap4 overexpression reduced islet dysfunction caused by high-dose proinflammatory cytokines (10× low-dose), suggesting an overall protective effect. Steap4 overexpression also upregulated Hamp and Lcn2, suggesting Steap4 regulates these cytokine-sensitive iron genes.; in contrast, ferritin and ferroportin gene expression, which are not sensitive to cytokines, were unchanged. Conclusions: These data suggest an inflammation-induced network of genes involved in cellular iron uptake and retention plays a protective role in islets against oxidative stress and ferroptosis.