# Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Health Sequelae of Domestic Violence for Females During Reproductive Age: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

This study finds that domestic violence is highly prevalent among women of reproductive age in Egypt, with significant psychological and physical consequences.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence in Sharkia governorate, Egypt.

## Key findings

- The overall prevalence of domestic violence was 88% among reproductive-age women.
- Psychological violence was the most common form, followed by physical and economic violence.
- Anxiety, fear, and depression were the most frequently reported health consequences.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Domestic violence against women is a widespread global health issue profoundly affecting victims, their families, and society. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, risk factors, and health sequelae of domestic violence among females during reproductive age in Sharkia governorate, Egypt. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to December 2024. A total of 379 females of reproductive age (15–49 years) were recruited using simple random sampling from secondary schools and Maternal and Child Health centers affiliated with the Ministry of Health. Data were collected using a structured interview questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, violence exposure (physical, psychological, economic, and sexual), risk factors, causes, severity, perpetrators, and consequences. Results: The overall prevalence of domestic violence was 88%. Psychological violence was the most common form (78%), followed by physical violence (63%), and economic violence (43%). Insults were the predominant form of verbal abuse, while slapping and beating were the most common manifestations of physical violence. Husbands were identified as the primary perpetrators across all violence types. Major risk factors included cigarette use by the abuser (47%), alcohol and drug use (14%), and psychological problems (11%). The most frequently reported consequences were anxiety, fear, and depression (82%), followed by insomnia (55%) and seeking separation (49%). Conclusions: Domestic violence against women of reproductive age is highly prevalent in the study setting, with significant physical and psychological consequences. Comprehensive interventions, including awareness campaigns, legal enforcement, women empowerment programs, and healthcare provider training, are urgently needed to address this critical public health issue.