# Gut Microbiome Health in Farm Animals and Fish: Implications for Human Health and the Risk of Gastrointestinal Diseases

## TL;DR

This review explores how gut microbiome imbalances in farm animals and fish affect human gastrointestinal health through the food chain, emphasizing a One Health approach.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel cross-species microbiome–diet–immune framework to guide future One Health research and interventions.

## Key findings

- Diet- and environment-driven gut dysbiosis in animals can influence human gastrointestinal health via the food chain.
- Immune modulation, altered food products, and pathogen transmission are key mechanisms linking animal and human health.
- Precision nutrition and probiotics show promise in restoring microbial balance but face challenges in clinical translation.

## Abstract

The gut microbiome is central to immune, metabolic, and gastrointestinal health across species. Dysbiosis disrupts microbial communities and is linked to inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and other immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders. This review addresses the central question of how diet- and environment-driven gut dysbiosis in farm animals and fish is transmitted through the food chain to influence human gastrointestinal health within a One Health framework. This review synthesizes recent evidence within the One Health framework, focusing on how diet- and environment-induced dysbiosis in farm animals and fish can influence human gastrointestinal health via the food chain. We highlight mechanisms of immune modulation, alterations in food products, and the risks of pathogen transmission and antimicrobial resistance. An important limitation of the current body of evidence is the lack of studies that comprehensively trace the proposed axis from animal gut dysbiosis to human health outcomes. Emerging interventions, including precision nutrition, probiotics, and microbiota-targeted therapies, show potential for restoring microbial balance, though translating these findings into clinical practice remains challenging. By integrating human, veterinary, and environmental perspectives, this work proposes a novel cross-species microbiome–diet–immune framework to guide future research and interventions, advancing One Health strategies for disease prevention, antimicrobial resistance mitigation, and sustainable gastrointestinal health.