# Conceptualizing the Humanized Hospital: A Multidimensional Textual Data Analysis from Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Perspectives

## TL;DR

This study explores how nursing students in Italy imagine a humanized hospital, finding that they see it as a multidimensional environment combining empathy, teamwork, and proper resources.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel multidimensional textual analysis of nursing students' conceptualizations of humanized hospital care.

## Key findings

- Students associate humanized hospitals with interconnected relational, organizational, and professional dimensions.
- Two latent dimensions were identified: organizational systems enabling person-centered care and professional competence supporting holistic patient well-being.
- Humanization is viewed as an emergent property of healthcare environments, not just individual attitudes.

## Abstract

Background: The humanization of care is increasingly recognized as a core component of healthcare quality; however, its meaning remains complex and strongly shaped by organizational, professional, and educational contexts. Nursing students, as future healthcare professionals, play a crucial role in the development and transmission of humanized care values, making their representations of the humanized hospital particularly relevant for understanding how these values are constructed during professional education. Aim: To explore how undergraduate nursing students conceptualize the humanized hospital. Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted involving 742 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a Bachelor of Science in Nursing program in Italy. Data were collected through a single open-ended written question inviting students to describe how they imagine a humanized hospital. Textual data were analyzed using Automatic Analysis of Textual Data within an Exploratory Multidimensional Data Analysis framework, enabling the identification of shared lexical patterns, discursive clusters, and latent semantic dimensions within a large textual corpus. Findings: Students articulated the humanized hospital as an integrated and system-oriented care environment in which relational, organizational, professional, and holistic dimensions are deeply interconnected. Humanization was associated not only with empathy, respect, and emotional engagement, but also with organizational functioning, teamwork, adequate resources, and professional competence. Two latent dimensions structured these representations: the first highlighted organizational systems as enabling conditions for person-centered care, while the second framed professional operability and technical competence as foundations for a holistic understanding of patients’ physical, psychological, and social well-being. Conclusions: Undergraduate nursing students’ discourse revealed an articulated and multidimensional representation of hospital humanization, conceptualizing it as an emergent property of healthcare environments rather than as a function of individual attitudes alone. These findings underscore the importance of addressing hospital humanization simultaneously at relational, educational, and organizational levels and highlight the need for nursing education programs and healthcare institutions to foster structural and professional conditions that sustainably support humanized care in clinical practice.