Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Severe Disease and Mortality Among Patients with Melioidosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

TL;DR

This study finds that diabetes is a major risk for getting melioidosis but does not consistently lead to worse outcomes or higher death rates once infected.

Contribution

The study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis on diabetes as a risk factor for severe outcomes in melioidosis patients.

Findings

Diabetes is not significantly associated with bacteremia, ICU admission, septic shock, or mortality in melioidosis patients.

Subgroup analysis shows lower mortality among diabetic patients in Southeast Asia.

Results suggest diabetes does not consistently worsen melioidosis severity after infection.

Abstract

Background: Melioidosis is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and is highly prevalent in tropical regions. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common comorbidity among patients with melioidosis and is a well-established risk factor for acquiring the infection. However, the impact of diabetes on disease severity and mortality remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the association between diabetes mellitus and severe clinical outcomes in patients with melioidosis. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched from database inception to 6 January 2026. Outcomes of interest included bacteremia, septic shock, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality. Pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251237028). Results: Twelve studies comprising patients from Southeast Asia, Australia, and South Asia were included. Diabetes prevalence among patients with melioidosis ranged from 31% to 76%. Meta-analysis showed no significant association between diabetes mellitus and bacteremia (OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.97–2.27), ICU admission (OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.43–3.99), septic shock (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.39–1.16), or mortality (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.66–1.03). Subgroup analysis revealed lower mortality among patients with diabetes in Southeast Asia (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.91), while no significant association was observed in Australia. Heterogeneity varied across outcomes and regions. Conclusions: Although diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for acquiring melioidosis, our findings suggest that it is not consistently associated with increased disease severity or mortality once infection occurs. These results should be interpreted cautiously given the limited number of included studies, heterogeneity across outcomes, and potential residual confounding. Further prospective studies are required to better define the underlying biological and healthcare-related mechanisms.

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