# Glucagon-like Peptide Receptor Agonists and Kidney Outcomes in the Era of Personalized Medicine: Focus on Albuminuria **Authors:** Ana Checa-Ros, Owahabanun Joshua Okojie, Jacob Gabriel Wassouf, Aida Yedean, Wei-Chung Hsueh, Patryk Hebda, Esther Rodriguez Llobell, Greta Bianca Muhmenthaler, Martin Duc-Duy Tran, Luis D’Marco PMC · DOI: 10.3390/jpm16020097 · 2026-02-06 ## TL;DR This review explores how GLP-1 receptor agonists can protect the kidneys in type 2 diabetes patients by reducing albuminuria and improving overall health. ## Contribution The paper integrates clinical evidence to highlight personalized benefits of GLP-1RAs on kidney outcomes and suggests future research directions. ## Key findings - GLP-1RAs reduce albuminuria and slow diabetic kidney disease progression. - These drugs offer cardiovascular and renal benefits by improving glycemic control and reducing inflammation. - Individual patient profiles influence the effectiveness of GLP-1RAs in managing kidney outcomes. ## Abstract The aim of this narrative review is to critically assess the renoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in managing albuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus within the framework of personalized medicine. By integrating current evidence from clinical trials and meta-analyses, the review highlights how GLP-1RAs not only enhance glycemic control but also reduce blood pressure, induce weight loss, and mitigate inflammatory responses. While these given factors may vary according to individual patient profiles, they also collectively contribute to slowing the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Additionally, the discussion emphasizes the dual cardiovascular and renal benefits from these agents, underscoring their role in reducing albuminuria and preserving renal function. The review also identifies gaps in knowledge, suggesting future research directions for optimizing patient selection and treatment regimens to maximize therapeutic benefits. ## Linked entities - **Diseases:** type 2 diabetes mellitus (MONDO:0005148), diabetic kidney disease (MONDO:0005016) ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) [NCBI Gene 2695], REN (renin) [NCBI Gene 5972] {aka ADTKD4, HNFJ2, RTD}, IL18 (interleukin 18) [NCBI Gene 3606] {aka IGIF, IL-18, IL-1g, IL1F4}, INS (insulin) [NCBI Gene 3630] {aka IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10}, GCG (glucagon) [NCBI Gene 2641] {aka GLP-1, GLP1, GLP2, GRPP}, GLP1R (glucagon like peptide 1 receptor) [NCBI Gene 2740] {aka GLP-1, GLP-1-R, GLP-1R}, CST3 (cystatin C) [NCBI Gene 1471] {aka ADLDWA, ARMD11, HEL-S-2}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, NPPA (natriuretic peptide A) [NCBI Gene 4878] {aka ANF, ANP, ATFB6, ATRST2, CDD, CDD-ANF}, CNR1 (cannabinoid receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 1268] {aka CANN6, CB-R, CB1, CB1A, CB1K5, CB1R}, ALB (albumin) [NCBI Gene 213] {aka FDAHT, HSA, PRO0883, PRO0903, PRO1341}, AGT (angiotensinogen) [NCBI Gene 183] {aka ANHU, SERPINA8, hFLT1}, TGFB1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) [NCBI Gene 7040] {aka CAEND1, CED, DPD1, IBDIMDE, LAP, TGF-beta1}, DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) [NCBI Gene 1803] {aka ADABP, ADCP2, CD26, DPPIV, TP103}, GCGR (glucagon receptor) [NCBI Gene 2642] {aka GGR, GL-R, MVAH}, IL6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 3569] {aka BSF-2, BSF2, CDF, HGF, HSF, IFN-beta-2} - **Diseases:** medullary thyroid carcinoma (MESH:C536914), metabolic disorders (MESH:D008659), proteinuria (MESH:D011507), hypoglycemic (MESH:C000721848), loss of kidney function (MESH:D007680), vomiting (MESH:D014839), renal affections (MESH:D019964), nausea (MESH:D009325), Obesity (MESH:D009765), acute kidney injury (MESH:D058186), diarrhea (MESH:D003967), arteriolar hyalinosis (MESH:D057770), kidney failure (MESH:D051437), tubulointerstitial and vascular lesions (MESH:D014652), DM (MESH:D003920), tubular injury (MESH:D000230), edema (MESH:D004487), CKD (MESH:D051436), injury to (MESH:D014947), inflammation (MESH:D007249), fibrosis (MESH:D005355), metabolic syndrome (MESH:D024821), hyperglycemia (MESH:D006943), dyslipidemia (MESH:D050171), muscle (MESH:D019042), DKD (MESH:D003928), endothelial (MESH:D005642), nodular lesions (MESH:D020518), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MESH:D003924), nausea, vomiting (MESH:D020250), hypercholesterolemia (MESH:D006937), Heart Failure (MESH:D006333), Kidney Disease (MESH:D007674), glaucoma (MESH:D005901), DKA (MESH:D016883), cardiac, neurological and respiratory disorders (MESH:D015619), type 1 diabetes mellitus (MESH:D003922), dysfunctions (MESH:D006331), Cardiac Events (MESH:D002318), hypoglycemia (MESH:D007003), ESKD (MESH:D007676), hypertrophy (MESH:D006984), bone and joint injuries (MESH:D001847), weight loss (MESH:D015431), GI side effects (MESH:D064420), insulin resistance (MESH:D007333), Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MESH:D018813), Albuminuria (MESH:D000419), hypertension (MESH:D006973), deaths (MESH:D003643), diabetic complications (MESH:D048909), atherosclerotic (MESH:D050197) - **Chemicals:** metformin (MESH:D008687), Exenatide (MESH:D000077270), sulfonylureas (MESH:D013453), biguanide (MESH:D001645), aldosterone (MESH:D000450), efpeglenatide (MESH:C000709212), Creatinine (MESH:D003404), glucose (MESH:D005947), ROS (MESH:D017382), RAs (MESH:D011883), thiazolidinediones (MESH:D045162), lipid (MESH:D008055), ACEi (-), NA (MESH:D012964) - **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606] - **Mutations:** rs10305420, A1C, rs6923761 - **Cell lines:** -4 — Homo sapiens (Human), Ataxia telangiectasia syndrome, Finite cell line (CVCL_F083) ## Figures 7 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12941783/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12941783