# Cytogenomics of the Flea Beetle Podagrica fuscicornis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): Karyotype and Satellitome Analysis of an Alticinae Species with a High Chromosome Number

## TL;DR

This study explores the high chromosome number and repetitive DNA in the flea beetle Podagrica fuscicornis, revealing insights into its karyotype evolution.

## Contribution

The study provides the first detailed satellitome analysis of an Alticinae species with a high chromosome number.

## Key findings

- The male karyotype of P. fuscicornis is 2n = 40 (38 + XY) with an Xyp sex chromosome system.
- The satellitome comprises 70 satDNA families, 9.51% of the genome, with 10 shared with other Alticinae species.
- SatDNA families are mainly pericentromeric and show differential distribution between autosomes and sex chromosomes.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) show extensive karyotypic diversity, yet cytogenetic and genomic data remain scarce for many taxa. Species of the genus Podagrica are characterized by unusually high chromosome numbers compared with the modal condition in Alticinae, suggesting a history of chromosomal fissions. This study aimed to characterize the karyotype and repetitive DNA composition of Podagrica fuscicornis, with special emphasis on the satellitome and its contribution to chromosome organization. Methods: Male specimens of P. fuscicornis collected in southern Spain were analyzed using conventional cytogenetic techniques, including Giemsa staining, DAPI staining, and C-banding. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was employed to map nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), telomeric repeats, and major satellite DNA (satDNA) families. The satellitome was characterized using Illumina short-read sequencing and analyzed with the RepeatExplorer2/TAREAN pipeline to identify satDNA families and estimate their genomic abundance and divergence. Results: The male karyotype of P. fuscicornis was 2n = 40 (38 + XY), with an Xyp sex chromosome system. Constitutive heterochromatin was mainly pericentromeric, and the Y chromosome was largely heterochromatic. NORs were located on a single autosomal pair, and the ancestral insect telomeric motif (TTAGG)n was detected at chromosome ends. The satellitome comprised at least 70 different satDNA families, representing 9.51% of the genome, some of them related to transposable elements. Ten of these 70 satDNAs are shared in other Alticinae species. The most abundant families were primarily localized in pericentromeric regions and showed differential distribution between autosomes and sex chromosomes. Conclusions: These results indicate that extensive chromosomal fissions and high satDNA dynamics could drive the high chromosome number and heterogeneous genome organization in P. fuscicornis, highlighting the role of repetitive DNA in karyotype evolution within Chrysomelidae.