# Acute Effects of Reformer, Cadillac, and Chair Pilates Apparatuses on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation and Flexibility in Sedentary Middle-Aged Women

## TL;DR

This study compares how different Pilates apparatuses affect heart function and flexibility in sedentary middle-aged women.

## Contribution

The study provides new comparative data on the acute effects of three Pilates apparatuses on cardiac and flexibility outcomes.

## Key findings

- The reformer Pilates session improved flexibility more than the cadillac and chair sessions.
- Flexibility gains from the reformer session lasted longer compared to the chair session.
- Heart rate variability changes were similar across all Pilates apparatuses.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pilates exercises performed on different apparatuses may elicit distinct acute responses in cardiovascular function and musculoskeletal flexibility, yet comparative data on the immediate effects of reformer (RF), cadillac (CD), and chair (CH) pilates exercises remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate and compare the acute effects of RF, CD, and CH pilates sessions on cardiac autonomic modulation and flexibility in sedentary middle-aged women. Methods: Fifteen participants (mean age: 42.2 ± 1.5 years) completed all three exercise conditions in a randomized crossover design, with sessions separated by at least 72 h. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed at pre-exercise, during exercise, and at 10 min intervals up to 40 min post-exercise. Flexibility was measured using standardized sit-and-reach tests at pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, and 40 min post-exercise. Results: Results revealed a significant condition × time interaction for flexibility (p < 0.010, η2p = 0.207), with the RF session producing greater immediate improvements in flexibility compared to CD (p = 0.030; g = 0.24) and CH sessions (p = 0.030; g = 0.24). Notably, flexibility gains from the RF session were maintained at 40 min post-exercise relative to the CH session (p = 0.035; g = 0.28). In contrast, no significant interactions between condition × time were observed for HRV parameters (p > 0.05). However, the main effect of time was evident across all HRV measures (p < 0.05), indicating post-exercise autonomic modulation independent of apparatus type. Conclusions: These findings suggest that while acute cardiovascular responses may not differ substantially between pilates apparatuses, the RF apparatus may be more effective for immediate flexibility enhancement in sedentary middle-aged women. Practitioners and clinicians may consider selecting apparatus based on specific functional goals, such as improving flexibility, when designing pilates-based interventions for this population.