# Feeling Unsafe in One’s Own Body: The Impact of Illness on Psychological Safety and Social Engagement

## TL;DR

This study explores how illness affects a person's sense of safety in their body and social interactions, using insights from Polyvagal Theory.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is linking illness experiences to disruptions in psychological safety through neuroception and social engagement.

## Key findings

- Illness reduces emotional resilience and increases bodily sensitivity, narrowing the window of tolerance.
- Participants reported diminished trust in their bodies and self, leading to internalized guilt and social withdrawal.
- Illness disrupts social connections and emotional availability, undermining psychological safety.

## Abstract

The concept of neuroception of psychological safety, rooted in Polyvagal Theory, offers a framework for understanding how individuals perceive safety at a physiological and psychological level. Illness may disrupt this perception and affect bodily regulation, emotional resilience, social connection, and self-compassion. This study aims to explore how experiences of being unwell, across both acute and chronic contexts, affect individuals’ neuroception of psychological safety. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven adult participants aged 20–79, including individuals with both acute and chronic illness experiences. Interview questions were informed by the Neuroception of Psychological Safety and Polyvagal Theory. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke’s six-step process. Four key themes were identified: dysregulation and the narrowing window of tolerance (reduced emotional resilience and heightened bodily sensitivity); distrust and disappointment (a rupture in bodily and self-trust); responsibility and internalised guilt (moral and emotional burdens around illness and recovery); and illness demands attention and disrupts social connection (withdrawal, emotional depletion, and compromised compassion). Across these themes, participants described a diminished sense of psychological safety when unwell, shaped by both internal physiological changes and altered social dynamics. Illness can profoundly undermine psychological safety by disrupting neurobiological regulation, altering relational engagement, and eroding trust in one’s body and self. These findings highlight the importance of integrating psychological safety principles into models of care, particularly in how individuals experience and recover from illness.