# Pan-Genome Analysis and Expression Profiling of HIPP Gene Family in Cassava

## TL;DR

This study explores the HIPP gene family in cassava, identifying their roles in stress adaptation and providing insights for improving stress resistance in crops.

## Contribution

The study identifies and characterizes the pan-genome of HIPP genes in cassava, revealing their evolutionary patterns and stress-related expression profiles.

## Key findings

- 59 MeHIPP pan-genes were identified, categorized into core, softcore, dispensable, and private genes.
- MeHIPPs are involved in plant adaptation to environmental stress and show varied expression under Xpm infection and drought.
- Segmental duplication and purifying selection were key in the expansion and evolution of MeHIPP genes.

## Abstract

Background: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) ranks as the sixth largest food crop worldwide and serves as an important cash and energy crop. Heavy-metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPPs) are metallochaperones involved in metal homeostasis and stress adaptation in vascular plants. However, research on the identification and function of HIPPs in cassava has been poorly explored. Methods: This study conducted a pan-genome-wide investigation to identify and characterize MeHIPPs in 31 cassava accessions. Subsequent analyses examined their physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, phylogeny, Ka/Ks, chromosomal localization, synteny, gene structure, and cis-acting elements. Additionally, the expression profiles of MeHIPPs in different tissues and cell subsets and under different stress conditions were analyzed using transcriptome data and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: A total of 59 MeHIPP pan-genes were identified, including five core genes, 22 softcore genes, 17 dispensable genes, and 15 private genes, which were unevenly distributed on chromosomes. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these genes were classified into five major subgroups. Evolutionary analyses indicated that segmental duplication predominated in family expansion and that most members may be subjected to purifying selection. Cis-element analysis highlighted the importance of MeHIPPs in plant adaptation to environmental stress. The expression profiles suggested widespread involvement of MeHIPP genes in response to Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) infection and drought stress. Different MeHIPP genes exhibited varying transcript levels in different tissues and cell subsets. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the selected MeHIPP genes had distinct expression patterns under Cd stress. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the functional characteristics of MeHIPP genes and their evolutionary relationships, laying a theoretical foundation for further functional research on stress resistance.