# Supporting Breastfeeding in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings in Italy: A Relational and Cultural Analysis of Maternal and Educator Perspectives

## TL;DR

This study explores how early childhood education and care settings in Italy can support or hinder breastfeeding by examining the perspectives of mothers and educators.

## Contribution

The study introduces a relational and cultural analysis of breastfeeding in educational settings, emphasizing the role of organizational climate and caregiving beliefs.

## Key findings

- Maternal beliefs about breastfeeding are linked to ethnotheories emphasizing relational closeness and interdependence.
- Educators view breastfeeding as beneficial for children's emotional security and maternal well-being.
- Breastfeeding continuation in childcare correlates with interdependence-oriented beliefs and younger child age.

## Abstract

What are the main findings?
Maternal beliefs about breastfeeding and the willingness to continue breastfeeding within early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings show a strong association with parental ethnotheories that privilege relational closeness, interdependence, and continuity of care.Educators view breastfeeding in childcare as a relationally meaningful practice, particularly in terms of parental engagement and educational continuity. They see it as supporting both the child’s emotional security and maternal well-being, while placing only minimal demands on organizational routines.

Maternal beliefs about breastfeeding and the willingness to continue breastfeeding within early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings show a strong association with parental ethnotheories that privilege relational closeness, interdependence, and continuity of care.

Educators view breastfeeding in childcare as a relationally meaningful practice, particularly in terms of parental engagement and educational continuity. They see it as supporting both the child’s emotional security and maternal well-being, while placing only minimal demands on organizational routines.

What are the implications of the main findings?
ECEC services can act as pivotal relational environments that either facilitate or constrain the continuation of breastfeeding beyond the home, depending on the organizational climate and the degree of support provided by educators.Breastfeeding support practices within ECEC should extend beyond logistical accommodations. They call for relational, non-prescriptive approaches that acknowledge the cultural plurality of caregiving beliefs and actively counter the adverse effects associated with “intensive motherhood.

ECEC services can act as pivotal relational environments that either facilitate or constrain the continuation of breastfeeding beyond the home, depending on the organizational climate and the degree of support provided by educators.

Breastfeeding support practices within ECEC should extend beyond logistical accommodations. They call for relational, non-prescriptive approaches that acknowledge the cultural plurality of caregiving beliefs and actively counter the adverse effects associated with “intensive motherhood.

Background/Objectives: Breastfeeding is widely acknowledged for its benefits to child development and maternal well-being. Yet breastfeeding practices often decline during early childhood transitions, particularly when children enter early childhood education and care (ECEC) services. Research has largely concentrated on healthcare contexts, leaving the educational domain comparatively underexplored in its potential to sustain or hinder breastfeeding continuation. This cross-sectional study examines associations between maternal beliefs regarding the value of breastfeeding and personal, relational, and contextual factors related to breastfeeding continuation within ECEC settings. It also incorporates educators’ perspectives and situates breastfeeding practices within the broader framework of parental ethnotheories. Methods: The study formed part of a pilot parental engagement initiative involving 17 childcare centers in Northern Italy, designed to promote dialogue and supportive practices around breastfeeding within ECEC services. This context is acknowledged when interpreting findings related to organizational climate and educator perspectives. Participants included 490 mothers of children enrolled in ECEC services and 118 educators. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing breastfeeding beliefs and experiences, co-sleeping practices, perceived social support, and parental ethnotheories (independence versus interdependence). Educators reported on their experiences in supporting breastfeeding within the childcare context. Analyses included descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression to examine factors associated with breastfeeding continuation. Results: Mothers strongly endorsed the developmental benefits of breastfeeding and expressed greater alignment with caregiving practices emphasizing interdependence and physical proximity. Continued breastfeeding within childcare settings correlated with interdependence-oriented ethnotheories, younger child age, and higher engagement in co-sleeping practices. Educators reported generally positive views of breastfeeding in childcare, highlighting its contribution to children’s emotional security and maternal calm, alongside its negligible impact on educational organization. Conclusions: ECEC services play a crucial role in sustaining breastfeeding beyond the domestic sphere. Relational practices and organizational climates that welcome breastfeeding can foster continuity of care, strengthen parental engagement, and promote child well-being.