# Admission Serum Inflammatory and Injury Biomarkers Are Associated with In-Hospital Mortality in Neurological Inpatients with Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Brain-COVID Cohort Study

**Authors:** Justyna Zielińska-Turek, Wojciech Czyżewski, Grzegorz Turek, Tomasz Lyson, Jan Gajewski, Patrycja Gierszon, Michał Turek, Klaudia Kuś-Budzyńska, Małgorzata Dorobek

PMC · DOI: 10.3390/cimb48020228 · 2026-02-20

## TL;DR

This study finds that high levels of certain blood markers at hospital admission predict higher risk of death in neurological patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

## Contribution

Identifies serum biomarkers (IL-6, LDH, ferritin, hs-troponin I) as early predictors of mortality in neurological inpatients with SARS-CoV-2.

## Key findings

- Non-survivors had significantly higher IL-6, LDH, ferritin, and hs-troponin I levels (all p < 0.001).
- LDH, ferritin, IL-6, and hs-troponin I were independently associated with mortality in multivariable analysis.
- Elevated biomarkers reflect systemic disease severity, not CNS-specific neuroinflammation.

## Abstract

Patients hospitalized with neurological disorders may be at increased risk of adverse outcomes when infected with SARS-CoV-2. We evaluated whether early routine serum inflammatory and injury markers obtained at hospital admission are associated with in-hospital mortality in this subgroup. This single-center observational cohort included 460 consecutive adult inpatients admitted for neurological disorders with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed on admission or during hospitalization. Serum IL-6, LDH, ferritin, hs-troponin I, CRP, procalcitonin, and D-dimers measured within 6 h of hospital admission for neurological disorder were analyzed and compared between survivors and non-survivors. Non-survivors had higher IL-6, LDH, ferritin, and hs-troponin I (all p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, LDH, ferritin, IL-6, and hs-troponin I were independently associated with mortality. We conclude that in neurological inpatients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, elevated early IL-6, LDH, ferritin, and hs-troponin I are associated with in-hospital mortality. These markers likely reflect systemic disease severity rather than CNS-specific neuroinflammation and may support early risk stratification in this population.

## Linked entities

- **Proteins:** IL6 (interleukin 6), Ldh (Lactate dehydrogenase), ferritin (soma ferritin-like), CRP (C-reactive protein)

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** CALCA (calcitonin related polypeptide alpha) [NCBI Gene 796] {aka CALC1, CGRP, CGRP-I, CGRP-alpha, CGRP1, CT}, CRP (C-reactive protein) [NCBI Gene 1401] {aka PTX1}, IL6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 3569] {aka BSF-2, BSF2, CDF, HGF, HSF, IFN-beta-2}
- **Diseases:** neurological disease (MESH:D020271), obesity (MESH:D009765), multi-organ dysfunction (MESH:D009102), arrhythmias (MESH:D001145), respiratory failure (MESH:D012131), bacterial pneumonia (MESH:D018410), stroke (MESH:D020521), diarrhea (MESH:D003967), delirium (MESH:D003693), refractory (MESH:D000069279), chest pain (MESH:D002637), fever (MESH:D005334), acute respiratory distress syndrome (MESH:D012128), neurological disorder (MESH:D009461), systemic disease (MESH:D034721), vomiting (MESH:D014839), status epilepticus (MESH:D013226), Inflammation (MESH:D007249), headache (MESH:D006261), liver disease (MESH:D008107), neoplastic disease (MESH:D004194), nicotine addiction (MESH:D014029), injury (MESH:D014947), acute coronary syndrome (MESH:D054058), alcohol addiction (MESH:D000437), influenza A/B (MESH:D007251), malignancy (MESH:D009369), neurological involvement (MESH:C538190), lung damage (MESH:D008171), lymphopenia (MESH:D008231), diabetes mellitus (MESH:D003920), dyspnea (MESH:D004417), inflammatory and coagulopathic syndromes (MESH:D018746), addiction (MESH:D019966), renal failure (MESH:D051437), lung injury (MESH:D055370), neuroinflammation (MESH:D000090862), pancreatitis (MESH:D010195), chronic kidney disease (MESH:D051436), asthma (MESH:D001249), neurological complications (MESH:D002493), hemorrhagic stroke (MESH:D000083302), heart failure (MESH:D006333), bacterial infection (MESH:D001424), embolism (MESH:D004617), type 2 diabetes (MESH:D003924), cytokine storm (MESH:D000080424), MEWS (MESH:C564098), constipation (MESH:D003248), cardiac injury (MESH:D006331), myalgia (MESH:D063806), Dementia (MESH:D003704), systemic (MESH:D015619), interstitial lung disease (MESH:D017563), immune dysregulation (OMIM:614878), Chronic neurological diseases (MESH:D002908), sepsis (MESH:D018805), tissue damage (MESH:D017695), coma (MESH:D003128), Thrombosis (MESH:D013927)
- **Chemicals:** Azithromycin (MESH:D017963), pyruvate (MESH:D019289), tocilizumab (MESH:C502936), oxygen (MESH:D010100), lactate (MESH:D019344), remdesivir (MESH:C000606551), chloroquine (MESH:D002738), lopinavir (MESH:D061466), BioRender (-), ritonavir (MESH:D019438), ceftriaxone (MESH:D002443), dexamethasone (MESH:D003907), nicotine (MESH:D009538), lopinavir and ritonavir (MESH:C558899)
- **Species:** Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 2697049], Respiratory syncytial virus (no rank) [taxon 12814], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Figures

3 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12939748/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12939748