# Effect of Non-Covalent Interactions on Arabinoxylan–Protein Cross-Linking and Gluten-Free Batter Stability

## TL;DR

This study explores how non-covalent interactions affect the stability of gluten-free batters made with maize arabinoxylans and proteins.

## Contribution

The study reveals how different non-covalent forces influence the cross-linking and stability of gluten-free batter systems.

## Key findings

- AX-based batters rely on H-bonds and electrostatic interactions for stability.
- Enzymatic coupling strengthens AX–protein networks when H and electrostatic forces are present.
- Gas retention in batters is influenced by the balance of non-covalent interactions.

## Abstract

Maize arabinoxylans (AX) and proteins (maize gluten meal, MGM) can partially replace gluten in gluten-free (GF) breads by forming polymer networks. This study investigated how non-covalent interactions (hydrophobic, electrostatic, or hydrogen (H) forces) influenced viscoelasticity, gas retention and enzymatic AX–protein cross-linking in simplified GF model batters using two maize AX extracts (commercial MAX; xylanase-extracted M-XEAX). Batter stability strongly depended on AX structure and formulation type. MGM-only controls were mainly governed by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces, while AX-based batters relied primarily on H-bonds and electrostatic interactions. Combining MGM and AX increased batter stiffness, dominated by electrostatic and H-interactions. Enzymatic coupling reinforced the AX–protein network when both H and electrostatic forces were present, whereas hydrophobic interactions partly hindered these associations. Changes in viscoelasticity (G′) did not fully align with gas retention behaviour. In MGM-containing batters, gas retention was predominantly governed by H and electrostatic interactions. AX-based batters showed extract-dependent responses: electrostatic or H-interactions hindered gas stabilisation in M-XEAX, while their suppression supported gas-holding in enzyme-treated MAX batters. AX-MGM systems generally showed reduced gas expansion, indicating the contribution of multiple non-covalent interactions. Overall, batter stability strongly depended on AX structure, MGM addition, the balance of non-covalent interactions and the resulting network strength.