# Neurotransmitter Mechanisms of Ketamine and Ketamine–Magnesium Sulfate-Induced Hypothermia: Evidence for Serotonergic and Adrenergic Involvement Without GABAA Contributions

## TL;DR

The study explores how ketamine and magnesium sulfate cause hypothermia, finding that serotonin and adrenaline systems are involved, but not GABA.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific neurotransmitter systems involved in ketamine-induced hypothermia, excluding GABAA contributions.

## Key findings

- Yohimbine and methysergide modulate ketamine-induced hypothermia in a dose-dependent manner.
- Bicuculline had no effect on hypothermic responses, indicating no GABAA involvement.
- Serotonergic and adrenergic mechanisms are key in ketamine-related hypothermia.

## Abstract

Background: Ketamine and magnesium sulfate are commonly used perioperatively to prevent shivering, a frequent and clinically relevant complication of spinal and general anesthesia. Although their hypothermic effects are well documented, the neurotransmitter mechanisms underlying these effects remain insufficiently understood. This study examines whether serotonergic, adrenergic (α2), and GABAergic (GABAA) systems contribute to hypothermia induced by ketamine and a ketamine–magnesium sulfate combination. Methods: Body temperature was measured in Wistar rats after administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg) or the ketamine (5 mg/kg)–magnesium sulfate (5 mg/kg) combination. To assess neurotransmitter involvement, animals received yohimbine (α2 antagonist), methysergide (non-selective 5-HT antagonist), or bicuculline (GABAA antagonist) prior to ketamine or the drug combination. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Yohimbine at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg significantly potentiated ketamine-induced hypothermia, while only 3 mg/kg enhanced the effect of the ketamine–magnesium sulfate combination. Methysergide had a bidirectional influence: 1 mg/kg methysergide deepened ketamine-induced hypothermia, whereas 0.5 mg/kg methysergide attenuated the hypothermic effect of the ketamine–magnesium sulfate combination. Bicuculline (1–2 mg/kg) did not alter the hypothermic responses to ketamine or the combination. Conclusions: These findings indicate that ketamine- and ketamine–magnesium sulfate-induced hypothermia is primarily modulated by serotonergic and adrenergic mechanisms, whereas GABAA receptor-dependent pathways do not appear to play a major role under the experimental conditions used. These results provide new mechanistic insights into NMDA antagonist–related thermoregulation and may help inform anesthetic strategies for shivering prevention and maintenance of perioperative thermal stability.