# Mitigation of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Canagliflozin Is Associated with Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics and Reduced Proliferation in Swine

## TL;DR

Canagliflozin reduces kidney injury in swine by altering mitochondrial dynamics and decreasing cell proliferation.

## Contribution

This study shows that canagliflozin mitigates acute kidney injury via mitochondrial fission and reduced proliferation in a swine model.

## Key findings

- Canagliflozin increased pro-apoptotic genes and mitophagy-related gene expression.
- Mitochondrial fission increased while fusion decreased with canagliflozin treatment.
- Canagliflozin reduced cell proliferation and correlated with less severe kidney injury.

## Abstract

Increasing evidence implicates mitochondrial/cellular dynamics in ischemia reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is, e.g., canagliflozin, CG) have been shown to mitigate I/R-induced AKI. Here, we hypothesized that CG-improved AKI was associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis in a previously established swine model. CG (300 mg, PO) significantly increased pro-apoptotic genes Bid, Bad, Bax, Bak1 and Casp1 expression (all p < 0.05). Pink1 (p = 0.0019), Optn (p = 0.038), and Map1lc3 (p = 0.0093) expression also increased with CG, implicating mitophagy; PINK1 protein levels were unchanged. The expression of mitochondrial fission regulator Fis1 increased with CG treatment (p = 0.0015) while fusion regulator Opa1 expression decreased (p = 0.038). TUNEL staining showed increased apoptosis primarily in damaged proximal tubular cells of CG animals. Ki67 staining revealed I/R-injury increased cell proliferation throughout the kidney, which was significantly attenuated with CG. Moreover, correlative analysis revealed that AKI severity positively correlated with cell proliferation. In this large animal model, CG reduced AKI via increased mitochondrial fission and pro-apoptotic gene expression, potentiating clearance of damaged mitochondria, and decreased cell proliferation. Future studies should evaluate other SGLT2is as a potential therapeutic for I/R AKI.