# Probiotic-based therapeutics for a One Health future: redefining antibiotic dependency to combat antimicrobial resistance

## TL;DR

This paper proposes using probiotics and ecological strategies to combat antibiotic resistance by restoring microbial balance and reducing reliance on antibiotics.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a novel One Health strategy combining probiotics, public awareness, and AI-driven surveillance to manage antimicrobial resistance.

## Key findings

- Probiotics can reduce antibiotic selective pressures by promoting microbial stability and biodegradation.
- A One Health Microbiome Intelligence Framework is proposed to integrate genomic and environmental data for AMR surveillance.
- Ecological restoration and education are positioned as key components for sustainable AMR control.

## Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major One Health concern, affecting the interconnected microbial systems shared by humans, animals, and the environment. Decades of antibiotic-driven control have disturbed ecological stability and contributed to the expansion of the global resistome. This Perspective approaches AMR mitigation through an ecological restoration lens, outlining a three-part strategy that brings together probiotic therapeutics, microbiome-focused public awareness, and integrated surveillance. Probiotics are presented as biologically compatible tools that promote microbial stability through competitive niche occupation, immune support, and environmental biodegradation, thereby reducing selective pressures that favor resistance. In parallel, strengthening microbiome literacy can guide behavioral choices that support stewardship and reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. The proposed One Health Microbiome Intelligence Framework (OH-MIF) adds a data-driven layer by linking genomic, clinical, agricultural, and environmental information through AI-enabled analytics. Together, these components form an adaptable system that shifts AMR management from reactive dependence on antibiotics toward a more resilient, coexistence-based approach. By aligning ecological interventions with education and policy intelligence, this Perspective positions microbial balance as a practical foundation for sustainable AMR control within broader planetary health goals.