# Chronic In Vivo Biostability and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Polyether-Urethane-Based Balloon Implants for Cardiac Application in a Porcine Model

## TL;DR

This study shows that a polyether-urethane balloon implant remains stable and safe in the heart of pigs over 24 weeks, supporting its potential for cardiac applications.

## Contribution

The study provides novel long-term in vivo data on the biostability and biocompatibility of polyether-based polyurethane implants in a porcine cardiac model.

## Key findings

- Material analysis confirmed no hydrolytic or oxidative degradation of the implant over 24 weeks.
- Histological analysis showed minimal inflammation and stable device positioning with no significant thrombosis.
- Biocompatibility testing under ISO standards found no toxicologically significant extractable substances.

## Abstract

Polyurethane-based implantable devices (PUIDs) delivered via catheter are increasingly used in structural heart interventions; however, limited in vivo data exist regarding their long-term biostability and biological safety. This study evaluated a balloon-shaped implant made of Pellethane®, a polyether-based polyurethane, designed as a three-dimensional intracardiac spacer and deployed via percutaneous femoral vein access. The device was chronically positioned adjacent to the tricuspid valve annulus in seven pigs for 24 weeks. Explanted devices and surrounding tissues were evaluated through material characterization (SEM, GPC, FT-IR, and 1H-NMR) and histological analysis. SEM and FT-IR confirmed preserved surface morphology and chemical bonds, GPC showed stable molecular weight, and 1H-NMR revealed intact urethane and ether linkages. Materials characterization revealed no evidence of hydrolytic or oxidative degradation, indicating structural stability of the devices. Histological analysis showed stable device positioning with minimal thrombosis or inflammatory response. Biocompatibility was confirmed via ISO 10993-1:2018 Standard (International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Geneva, Switzerland, 2018), and extractable substances were evaluated under exhaustive extraction conditions specified by ISO 10993-18:2020 (International Organization for Standardization (ISO): Geneva, Switzerland, 2020), with no toxicologically significant findings. These findings support the long-term biostability and biological safety of the PUIDs in dynamic cardiac environments, informing future design criteria for catheter-delivered cardiovascular devices.