# Adaptation and Validation of the Socio-Educational and Cultural Ambivalence Scale in the Mapuche School Context

## TL;DR

This study adapted and validated a scale to measure conflicting beliefs about education in Mapuche intercultural schools in Chile.

## Contribution

The study introduces a validated tool for measuring socio-educational ambivalence in intercultural education involving teachers, students, and parents.

## Key findings

- The adapted EASC showed good model fit and reliability for both adults and students.
- The scale supports factorial validity and scalar invariance for teachers and parents/caregivers.
- The EASC is useful for understanding epistemic and cultural tensions in intercultural education.

## Abstract

This study aimed to adapt and psychometrically validate the Socio-Educational and Cultural Ambivalence Scale (EASC) in the context of Chilean intercultural education, considering teachers, students, and parents/caregivers. Socio-educational ambivalence is defined as the coexistence of contradictory beliefs, emotions, and practices in the relationship between dominant school knowledge and Mapuche educational knowledge. Using a sequential mixed qualitative–quantitative design, we conceptually reviewed the original instrument and administered the adapted version to a sample of 739 participants (266 teachers, 286 students, and 183 parents/caregivers) from the regions of Biobío, La Araucanía, and Los Lagos. We proposed two six-factor scales: one shared by adults (teachers and parents/caregivers) and another with the same structure but fewer indicators for students. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed good model fit for both teachers and parents/caregivers (χ2 = 1100.85, df = 311, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.075; SRMR = 0.058; CFI = 0.934; TLI = 0.926) and students (χ2 = 378.546, df = 146, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.074; SRMR = 0.033; CFI = 0.978; TLI = 0.974). Composite reliability coefficients were ω = 0.702–0.974 for adults and ω = 0.749–0.948 for students. The results support factorial validity, internal consistency, and scalar invariance for the adult category of the instrument (teachers and parents/caregivers), confirming its usefulness for assessing epistemic and cultural tensions in intercultural educational contexts. The EASC contributes to the development of tools that foster a more plural, reflective, and context-sensitive understanding of education in Indigenous territories.