# Whole-Genome Identification and Investigation of DNA Methylation Sites in Nosema ceranae

## TL;DR

This study identifies DNA methylation patterns in Nosema ceranae, a honeybee parasite, to better understand its role in infection and behavior.

## Contribution

The first whole-genome DNA methylation analysis in Nosema ceranae using Oxford Nanopore Technology.

## Key findings

- Identified 140,711 CpG, 170,035 CHG, and 1,053,635 CHH methylation sites in the N. ceranae genome.
- Observed methylation in repetitive regions and gene regions, suggesting regulatory roles.
- Detected three 5mC motifs, providing insights into potential epigenetic mechanisms.

## Abstract

Nosema ceranae is a fungal parasite that infects honeybees and contributes to colony collapse. However, the role of DNA methylation, an important chemical modification that regulates gene expression, has not been well understood in this organism. In this study, we used advanced sequencing technology to identify DNA methylation patterns across the entire genome of N. ceranae. We discovered a significant number of methylation sites in the genome, including different regions associated with genes and repetitive DNA sequences. These findings lay the groundwork for understanding how DNA methylation may affect the behavior and infection process of this parasite. This research is crucial for developing better strategies to control the impact of N. ceranae on honeybee populations, which are vital for pollination and global food production.

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification involved in various biological processes. However, its role in Nosema ceranae remains poorly understood. In this study, we employed Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing to identify whole-genome DNA methylation patterns in N. ceranae. A total of 140,711 CpG sites, 170,035 CHG sites, and 1,053,635 CHH sites were detected. Methylation was also observed at varying levels in repetitive genomic regions and different gene regions. Furthermore, three 5mC motifs were identified. These findings provide a foundation for investigation the epigenetic regulatory roles and mechanisms of DNA methylation in N. ceranae.