# Machine Learning-Based Estimation of Knee Joint Mechanics from Kinematic and Neuromuscular Inputs: A Proof-of-Concept Using the CAMS-Knee Datasets

## TL;DR

This study shows that deep learning models can accurately estimate knee joint forces using biomechanical data, offering a promising alternative to traditional methods.

## Contribution

The study introduces and evaluates deep learning models for predicting knee contact forces using the CAMS-Knee datasets.

## Key findings

- The biLSTM-MLP model achieved high accuracy in predicting total knee contact forces during walking.
- Lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction forces were the most important features for model accuracy.
- Deep learning models show potential as a scalable alternative to traditional musculoskeletal simulations.

## Abstract

This study explores the feasibility of estimating tibiofemoral joint contact forces using deep learning models trained on in vivo biomechanical data. Leveraging the comprehensive CAMS-Knee datasets, we developed and evaluated two machine learning network architectures, a bidirectional Long Short-Term-Memory Network with a Multilayer Perceptron (biLSTM-MLP) and a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) model, to predict medial and lateral knee contact forces (KCFs) across various activities of daily living. Using a leave-one-subject-out validation approach, the biLSTM-MLP model achieved root mean square errors (RMSEs) as low as 0.16 body weight (BW) and Pearson correlation coefficients up to 0.98 for the total KCF (Ftot) during walking. Although the prediction of individual force components showed slightly lower accuracy, the model consistently demonstrated high predictive accuracy and strong temporal coherence. In contrast to the biLSTM-MLP model, the TCN model showed more variable performance across force components and activities. Leave-one-feature-out analyses underscored the dominant role of lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction forces in driving model accuracy, while EMG features contributed only marginally to the overall predictive performance. Collectively, these findings highlight deep learning as a scalable and reliable alternative to traditional musculoskeletal simulations for personalized knee load estimation, establishing a foundation for future research on larger and more heterogeneous populations.