# Diagnostic Potential of Metabolomic and Proteomic Biomarkers in Cardiology—A Narrative Review **Authors:** Lazzat Zhussupbekova, Dinara Nurkina, Gyulnar Zhussupova, Aliya Smagulova, Venera Rakhmetova, Elmira Akhmedyarova, Aisha Darybayeva, Klara Kurmangaliyeva, Ilya Kukes PMC · DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines14020257 · Biomedicines · 2026-01-23 ## TL;DR This paper reviews how metabolomic and proteomic biomarkers can improve the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases by identifying molecular changes linked to heart conditions. ## Contribution The paper systematically categorizes metabolomic and proteomic biomarkers by their pathophysiological roles in cardiovascular diseases. ## Key findings - Metabolomic and proteomic profiles are associated with pathogenic processes like inflammation and lipid metabolism disorders. - Combining these biomarkers can enhance the accuracy of early cardiovascular disease diagnosis. - The paper identifies limitations in current methods and suggests potential solutions. ## Abstract Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death worldwide and a global socio-economic problem. To date, there are numerous studies focused on finding new biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. High-technological methods such as mass spectrometry (MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy enable us to record thousands of metabolites of organs and tissues. Studying organisms at a molecular level contributes to an in-depth understanding of preclinical conditions of various diseases. Metabolomics reflects the dynamics of metabolism distribution, including environmental influences, allowing us to create a metabolic profile of the patient. The aim of this review was to analyze current data on metabolomic and proteomic biomarkers in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. The search databases were used to select studies on the potential clinical and diagnostic application of proteomic and metabolomic markers in cardiology. The selected sources were subjected to qualitative and thematic analysis. All biomarkers were grouped according to the pathophysiological process (inflammation, blood coagulation and lipid metabolism disorders, myocardial necrosis, etc.). The association of changes in metabolomic and proteomic profiles with the activation of pathogenic processes in the cardiovascular system was demonstrated. The use of these multivariate markers, individually or in combination, will increase the accuracy of early diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. This article also highlights the limitations of the method and possible ways to solve them. ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15) [NCBI Gene 9518] {aka GDF-15, HG, MIC-1, MIC1, NAG-1, PDF}, SLC17A5 (solute carrier family 17 member 5) [NCBI Gene 26503] {aka AST, ISSD, NSD, SD, SIALIN, SIASD}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, THBD (thrombomodulin) [NCBI Gene 7056] {aka AHUS6, BDCA-3, BDCA3, CD141, THPH12, THRM}, CHI3L1 (chitinase 3 like 1) [NCBI Gene 1116] {aka ASRT7, CGP-39, GP-39, GP39, HC-gp39, HCGP-3P}, ADM (adrenomedullin) [NCBI Gene 133] {aka AM, PAMP}, MMP3 (matrix metallopeptidase 3) [NCBI Gene 4314] {aka CHDS6, MMP-3, SL-1, STMY, STMY1, STR1}, RBP4 (retinol binding protein 4) [NCBI Gene 5950] {aka MCOPCB10, RDCCAS}, MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) [NCBI Gene 2475] {aka FRAP, FRAP1, FRAP2, RAFT1, RAPT1, SKS}, IL6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 3569] {aka BSF-2, BSF2, CDF, HGF, HSF, IFN-beta-2}, CRP (C-reactive protein) [NCBI Gene 1401] {aka PTX1}, APOA1 (apolipoprotein A1) [NCBI Gene 335] {aka AMYLD3, HPALP2, apo(a)}, MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9) [NCBI Gene 4318] {aka CLG4B, GELB, MANDP2, MMP-9}, SELPLG (selectin P ligand) [NCBI Gene 6404] {aka CD162, CLA, PSGL-1, PSGL1}, ST2 (suppression of tumorigenicity 2) [NCBI Gene 6761], FGB (fibrinogen beta chain) [NCBI Gene 2244] {aka HEL-S-78p}, TIMP1 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1) [NCBI Gene 7076] {aka CLGI, EPA, EPO, HCI, TIMP, TIMP-1}, NPPB (natriuretic peptide B) [NCBI Gene 4879] {aka BNP, Iso-ANP}, AVP (arginine vasopressin) [NCBI Gene 551] {aka ADH, ARVP, AVP-NPII, AVRP, VP}, SELP (selectin P) [NCBI Gene 6403] {aka CD62, CD62P, GMP140, GRMP, LECAM3, PADGEM}, LPA (lipoprotein(a)) [NCBI Gene 4018] {aka AK38, APOA, LP}, VCAM1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) [NCBI Gene 7412] {aka CD106, INCAM-100}, MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) [NCBI Gene 4524], ICAM1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) [NCBI Gene 3383] {aka BB2, CD54, P3.58}, GPT (glutamic--pyruvic transaminase) [NCBI Gene 2875] {aka AAT1, ALT, ALT1, GPT1, SGPT}, F2 (coagulation factor II, thrombin) [NCBI Gene 2147] {aka PT, RPRGL2, THPH1}, EDN1 (endothelin 1) [NCBI Gene 1906] {aka ARCND3, ET1, HDLCQ7, PPET1, QME}, PLAT (plasminogen activator, tissue type) [NCBI Gene 5327] {aka T-PA, TPA}, SULT1A3 (sulfotransferase family 1A member 3) [NCBI Gene 6818] {aka HAST, HAST3, M-PST, ST1A3, ST1A3/ST1A4, ST1A4}, VWF (von Willebrand factor) [NCBI Gene 7450] {aka F8VWF, VWD}, TIMP2 (TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 2) [NCBI Gene 7077] {aka CSC-21K, DDC8}, SELE (selectin E) [NCBI Gene 6401] {aka CD62E, ELAM, ELAM1, ESEL, LECAM2, selectin-e}, LGALS3 (galectin 3) [NCBI Gene 3958] {aka CBP35, GAL3, GALBP, GALIG, L31, LGALS2}, CMPK1 (cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 51727] {aka CK, CMK, CMPK, UMK, UMP-CMPK, UMPK}, PTX3 (pentraxin 3) [NCBI Gene 5806] {aka TNFAIP5, TSG-14}, PROC (protein C, inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa) [NCBI Gene 5624] {aka APC, PC, PROC1, THPH3, THPH4}, NOS3 (nitric oxide synthase 3) [NCBI Gene 4846] {aka EC-NOS, ECNOS, MYMY8, NOSIII, cNOS, eNOS}, ADIPOQ (adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing) [NCBI Gene 9370] {aka ACDC, ACRP30, ADIPQTL1, ADPN, APM-1, APM1}, NOTCH1 (notch receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 4851] {aka AOS5, AOVD1, TAN1, hN1}, SERPINE1 (serpin family E member 1) [NCBI Gene 5054] {aka PAI, PAI-1, PAI1, PLANH1}, IGFBP3 (insulin like growth factor binding protein 3) [NCBI Gene 3486] {aka BP-53, IBP-3, IBP3, IGFBP-3}, ENG (endoglin) [NCBI Gene 2022] {aka END, HHT1, ORW1}, LEP (leptin) [NCBI Gene 3952] {aka LEPD, OB, OBS}, REN (renin) [NCBI Gene 5972] {aka ADTKD4, HNFJ2, RTD}, ESM1 (endothelial cell specific molecule 1) [NCBI Gene 11082] {aka endocan}, APOB (apolipoprotein B) [NCBI Gene 338] {aka FCHL2, FLDB, LDLCQ4, apoB-100, apoB-48}, IFNG (interferon gamma) [NCBI Gene 3458] {aka IFG, IFI, IMD69}, MB (myoglobin) [NCBI Gene 4151] {aka MYOSB, PVALB}, CD40LG (CD40 ligand) [NCBI Gene 959] {aka CD154, CD40L, HIGM1, IGM, IMD3, T-BAM}, FABP3 (fatty acid binding protein 3) [NCBI Gene 2170] {aka FABP11, H-FABP, M-FABP, MDGI, O-FABP} - **Diseases:** arterial hypertension (MESH:D000081029), CHD (MESH:D003327), atherosclerosis (MESH:D050197), acute coronary syndrome (MESH:D054058), death (MESH:D003643), Lipid Metabolism Disorders (MESH:D052439), CbetaS deficiency (MESH:D007153), hypertension (MESH:D006973), myocardial remodeling (MESH:D064752), cardiovascular and metabolic disorders (MESH:D024821), thrombosis (MESH:D013927), carotid and peripheral vascular disease (MESH:D016491), carotid atherosclerosis (MESH:D002340), cardiac stress (MESH:D000079225), Myocardial Fibrosis (MESH:D005355), methionine synthase deficiency (MESH:C565394), Chronic inflammation (MESH:D007249), injury to (MESH:D014947), AH (MESH:D007039), impaired glucose metabolism (MESH:D044882), insulin resistance (MESH:D007333), NSTEMI (MESH:D000072658), familial hypercholesterolemia (MESH:D006938), preeclampsia (MESH:D011225), cerebrovascular disorders (MESH:D002561), endothelial disfunction (MESH:D057215), necroses (MESH:D010020), diabetes (MESH:D003920), Endothelial Dysfunction (MESH:D014652), ischemic damage (MESH:D017202), heart valve calcification (MESH:D006349), congestion (MESH:D002311), blood coagulation (MESH:D001778), cardiovascular biomarkers (MESH:D002318), SCD (MESH:C536778), Acute Myocardial Infarction (MESH:D009203), sudden coronary death (MESH:D003645), sudden cardiac death (MESH:D016757), heart disease (MESH:D006331), coronary artery disease (MESH:D003324), stroke (MESH:D020521), vitamin B12 deficiency (MESH:D014806), Hyperhomocysteinemia (MESH:D020138), myocardial damage (MESH:D009202), obesity (MESH:D009765), acute heart failure (MESH:D006333), cardiac arrhythmias (MESH:D001145), STEMI (MESH:D000072657), hypercholesterolemia (MESH:D006937), homocystinuria (MESH:D006712), cardiac amyloidosis (MESH:D000686), type 2 diabetes (MESH:D003924), hemostasis disorders (MESH:D009358), Myocardial Necrosis (MESH:D009336), atherogenic lipid (MESH:D011017), metabolic and neuroendocrine dysregulation (MESH:D018358), coronary (MESH:D003323), Metabolic Disorders (MESH:D008659), ischemia (MESH:D007511), atherosclerotic plaques (MESH:D058226) - **Chemicals:** sodium (MESH:D012964), bile acids (MESH:D001647), sulfur (MESH:D013455), succinate (MESH:D019802), Bio (-), methionine (MESH:D008715), fats (MESH:D005223), fatty acids (MESH:D005227), arginine (MESH:D001120), carbohydrates (MESH:D002241), aldosterone (MESH:D000450), acylcarnitines (MESH:C116917), triglycerides (MESH:D014280), amino acid (MESH:D000596), isoleucine (MESH:D007532), Homocysteine (MESH:D006710), natriuretic peptides (MESH:D045265), retinol (MESH:D014801), Lipid (MESH:D008055), cysteine (MESH:D003545), valine (MESH:D014633), water (MESH:D014867), oxylipins (MESH:D054883), leucine (MESH:D007930), ceramides (MESH:D002518), Trimethylamine (MESH:C023336), folate (MESH:D005492), ADMA (MESH:C018524), NO (MESH:D009569), cholesterol (MESH:D002784), BCAA (MESH:D000597), vitamin B6 (MESH:D025101) - **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606] ## Full text _Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12938101/full.md ## Figures 2 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12938101/full.md ## References 145 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12938101/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12938101