# Experimental Evaluation of Kinematic Compatibility in Three Upper Limb Exoskeleton Configurations Using Interface Force and Torque

## TL;DR

This study compares three exoskeleton designs for upper limb rehabilitation, finding that one design reduces forces and torques during movement tasks.

## Contribution

The paper introduces an experimental evaluation of three exoskeleton configurations using force and torque measurements during real-world tasks.

## Key findings

- Releasing passive joints consistently reduces interaction loading in exoskeleton configurations.
- Category 2 configuration achieves the lowest forces and torques with the strongest peak suppression.
- Passive motion accommodation significantly impacts wearable performance during rehabilitation tasks.

## Abstract

Upper limb rehabilitation exoskeletons form a spatial closed kinematic chain with the human arm, where inevitable joint-center and axis misalignment can generate hyperstatic interaction forces and torques. Passive degrees of freedom (DOF) are widely introduced to improve kinematic compatibility, yet different compatible configurations may exhibit distinct wearable performance. This study experimentally compares three compatible four-degree-of-freedom exoskeleton configurations derived from the synthesis of Li et al. using a single reconfigurable rehabilitation robot. The platform is assembled into each configuration through modular passive units and instrumented with two six-axis force–torque sensors at the upper-arm and forearm interfaces. Interaction forces and torques are measured in passive training mode during eating and combing trajectories. For each configuration, tests are performed with passive joints released and with passive joints locked to quantify the effect of passive motion accommodation. Directional and resultant metrics are computed using mean and peak values over movement cycles. Results show that releasing passive joints consistently reduces interaction loading, and Category 2 achieves the lowest forces and torques with the strongest peak suppression, indicating the best practical compatibility.