# Spirulina Peptides Suppress UVB-Induced Skin Hyperpigmentation via Integrated Modulation of Melanogenesis and Inflammatory Pathways

## TL;DR

This study shows that Spirulina peptides can reduce skin darkening caused by UV light by targeting both pigment production and inflammation.

## Contribution

The study reveals the novel dual mechanism of Spirulina peptides in suppressing melanogenesis and inflammation pathways.

## Key findings

- Spirulina peptides inhibit tyrosinase and downregulate melanogenesis pathways in vitro.
- Transcriptomic analysis shows broad regulation of melanogenesis and inflammatory genes.
- Topical application of Spirulina peptides reduces UVB-induced hyperpigmentation and inflammation in mice.

## Abstract

Background: Hyperpigmentation disorders lack effective therapies due to efficacy and safety limitations. Spirulina-derived peptides (SPs) show promises as anti-melanogenic agents, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: SPs (<1 kDa, 3–6 amino acids) were isolated and assessed for tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant, and anti-glycation activities. In vitro effects were tested in B16F10 cells; transcriptomic profiling used RNA sequencing. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in UVB-induced hyperpigmentation mouse models. Results: SPs exhibited mixed-type kinetic inhibition of tyrosinase along with strong antioxidant and anti-glycation activities. In vitro, SP suppressed melanin synthesis by directly inhibiting tyrosinase, downregulating the cAMP/PKA/CREB cascade, and activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway, resulting in reduced MITF and tyrosinase expression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed broad regulation of melanogenesis and inflammatory pathways. In vivo, topical SP treatment significantly reduced UVB-induced hyperpigmentation and skin inflammation, correlating with decreased CREB phosphorylation and tyrosinase expression. Conclusions: SP acts as a dual anti-melanogenic/anti-inflammatory agent through enzyme inhibition and signaling modulation, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammation-associated hyperpigmentation.