# Computer-based surgical skill training: a systematic review

## TL;DR

This review shows that computer-based learning can effectively teach basic surgical skills and offers advantages like flexibility and cost savings.

## Contribution

The study systematically evaluates the effectiveness of remote and self-directed virtual training in surgical education.

## Key findings

- Remote training achieves equivalent competency outcomes to traditional methods for basic surgical skills.
- Self-directed virtual training underperforms in complex procedures but matches traditional learning for basic tasks.
- Hybrid models with real-time feedback improve engagement and skill retention in surgical training.

## Abstract

Computer-based learning (CBL) has emerged as a transformative approach in surgical education, with remote teaching (RT) and self-directed virtual teaching (SDVT) offering scalable and, flexible alternatives to traditional face-to-face instruction. This systematic review aims to qualitatively analyse the current evidence on RT and SDVT for surgical skill training.

In July 2023, we conducted a structured search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. To enable a clear evaluation of CBL, particularly by examining retained knowledge, we included only randomized controlled trials (RCT) and prospective cohort studies. Data extraction followed a pretested Excel form, and qualitative synthesis adhered to PRISMA principles.

Twenty seven studies (15 RCTs, 12 prospective cohorts) published between 2006 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria. Despite the heterogenicity of the included studies, key findings show that students completed RT achieved competency outcomes equivalent to traditional learning for basic suturing, knot-tying, and fundamental laparoscopic skills in most of the studies. SDVT matched traditional learning for basic tasks but underperformed in complex procedures. Hybrid models combining SDVT with real-time feedback enhanced learner autonomy, engagement and skill retention. Lastly, CBL modalities were well received by trainees, offering time- and cost advantages, as well as providing a teaching platform for low- and middle-income countries.

CBL, through RT and SDVT, provides an effective adjunct to traditional surgical training, particularly for foundational technical skills. Integrating the flexibility of SDVT with synchronous feedback during RT can optimize psychomotor learning while maintaining instructional oversight. Future research should standardize outcome measures, assess long-term skill retention, and explore implementation in resource-limited settings.