# Knowledge and Attitudes of Community Pharmacists Towards Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Western Greece

## TL;DR

This study examines how well community pharmacists in Western Greece understand antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance, finding both strengths and areas needing improvement.

## Contribution

The study provides insights into pharmacists' knowledge gaps and attitudes in a region with high antibiotic resistance, offering guidance for targeted educational interventions.

## Key findings

- Pharmacists showed high knowledge for antibiotic use in sore throat, bronchitis, influenza, and diarrhea.
- Knowledge was lower for rhinitis and sinusitis, indicating potential misconceptions.
- Most pharmacists recognized antimicrobial resistance as a significant public health issue in Greece.

## Abstract

Background: Antibiotic misuse and overuse remain a critical driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global health threat associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In Greece, where antibiotic consumption and resistance rates are among the highest in Europe, community pharmacists are well-positioned to contribute to antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of community pharmacists in Achaia, Western Greece, regarding antibiotic use and AMR, in order to identify knowledge gaps and inform future educational interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and July 2023 among 207 pharmacists using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The survey assessed demographics, knowledge of antibiotic indications, dispensing practices, and awareness of AMR. Statistical analysis included Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Pharmacists demonstrated high levels of knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use in conditions such as sore throat (95%), bronchitis (76%), influenza (77.5%), and diarrhea (95%). However, knowledge was lower for rhinitis (60%) and sinusitis (56%). Almost all pharmacists (99%) were aware of AMR, and 86% perceived it as a significant public health issue in Greece. Logistic regression showed that pharmacists with 5–10 years of experience were significantly less likely to believe that antibiotics are always effective (OR = 0.08, p = 0.042). Conclusion: Pharmacists in Western Greece are generally well-informed about antibiotic use and AMR, yet misconceptions persist, especially for viral infections. Targeted educational interventions, interprofessional collaboration, and stricter enforcement of prescription regulations are needed to strengthen the role of pharmacists in combating AMR at the community level.