# Relation of Urine Cell-Free Mitochondrial DNA Quantified by Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction With Tubule Injury, Dysfunction, and Ambulatory Acute Kidney Injury

**Authors:** Avnee J. Kumar, Katharine E. Epler, Joachim H. Ix, Vasantha Jotwani, Ronit Katz, Michael G. Shlipak, Mark L. Hepokoski

PMC · DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2026.101257 · Kidney Medicine · 2026-01-08

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** IL18 (interleukin 18) [NCBI Gene 3606] {aka IGIF, IL-18, IL-1g, IL1F4}, EGF (epidermal growth factor) [NCBI Gene 1950] {aka HOMG4, URG}, UMOD (uromodulin) [NCBI Gene 7369] {aka ADMCKD2, ADTKD1, FJHN, HNFJ, HNFJ1, MCKD2}, HAVCR1 (hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 26762] {aka CD365, HAVCR, HAVCR-1, KIM-1, KIM1, TIM}, ND1 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) [NCBI Gene 4535] {aka MTND1}, CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) [NCBI Gene 6347] {aka GDCF-2, HC11, HSMCR30, MCAF, MCP-1, MCP1}, LCN2 (lipocalin 2) [NCBI Gene 3934] {aka 24p3, MSFI, NGAL, p25}, TFF3 (trefoil factor 3) [NCBI Gene 7033] {aka ITF, P1B, TFI}, HLA-G (major histocompatibility complex, class I, G) [NCBI Gene 3135] {aka MHC-G}, ALB (albumin) [NCBI Gene 213] {aka FDAHT, HSA, PRO0883, PRO0903, PRO1341}, CLU (clusterin) [NCBI Gene 1191] {aka AAG4, APO-J, APOJ, CLI, CLU1, CLU2}, CHI3L1 (chitinase 3 like 1) [NCBI Gene 1116] {aka ASRT7, CGP-39, GP-39, GP39, HC-gp39, HCGP-3P}
- **Diseases:** AKI (MESH:D058186), CKD (MESH:D051436), mitochondrial dysfunction (MESH:D028361), inflammation (MESH:D007249), Tubule Injury (MESH:D014947), Dysfunction (MESH:D006331), glomerular injury (MESH:D007674), albuminuria (MESH:D000419)
- **Chemicals:** Creatinine (MESH:D003404)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

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## References

8 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12936929/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12936929