# Sleep, Steps, and Screens: Between- and within-person effects of digital markers of daily life behaviors on smartphone-based assessments of cognitive functioning in depression

## TL;DR

This study explores how daily behaviors like sleep, steps, and screen time affect cognitive functioning in people with depression using smartphone and wearable data.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel approach to assess cognitive functioning in depression using real-time digital markers and identifies step count as a promising behavioral target.

## Key findings

- Step count was positively associated with better performance-based cognitive outcomes at both between- and within-person levels.
- Screen time was negatively associated with self-reported cognitive functioning within individuals.
- Sleep duration showed a quadratic negative effect on performance-based cognitive assessments.

## Abstract

Cognitive impairment represents a core feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), often persisting after mood symptoms remit and not addressed by usual antidepressant treatments. Despite its relevance, cognition is typically assessed with infrequent tests in clinical settings, overlooking its contextual nature. Smartphones and wearables enable ecologically valid, repeated measurements of cognition and daily life behaviors that may impact it. We examined whether sleep duration, step count, and smartphone screen time are associated with cognitive functioning in MDD.

We conducted secondary analyses of RADAR-MDD, a multicenter study following individuals with recurrent MDD. Cognitive functioning – self-reported and performance-based – was assessed with the THINC-it® app. Sleep duration and step count were measured with Fitbit devices, and screen time with the RADAR-Base app. Cognitive assessments (outcomes) were linked to behavioral measures (predictors) from the day of and the day preceding each assessment. Two-level multilevel models estimated between-person (differences in participant means) and within-person (deviations from participant means) effects. The sample included 502 participants, further subdivided by behavior–cognitive outcome pair.

For performance-based cognitive assessments, positive associations at the between-person level were found for step count (β = 0.104, SE = 0.031, p < 0.001) and screen time (β = 0.075, SE = 0.036, p = 0.038), and sleep duration showed a quadratic negative effect (β = −0.080, SE = 0.018, p < 0.001). No within-person effects were detected. For self-reported cognitive functioning, step count showed positive associations both between (β = 0.161, SE = 0.037, p < 0.001) and within persons (β = 0.027, SE = 0.010, p = 0.005), while screen time was negatively associated within persons (β = −0.033, SE = 0.011, p = 0.002).

Our findings illustrate that smartphones and wearables can collect meaningful daily life data of MDD patients that can be used to support cognitive health. Step count emerges as a promising behavioral target as it is simple to track and is correlated with better cognitive outcomes.