# Recognition of depression by nurses in primary healthcare in Zimbabwe: Cross-sectional study

## TL;DR

This study finds that nurses in Zimbabwean primary healthcare clinics are not recognizing depression in patients, despite efforts to improve mental health care.

## Contribution

The study highlights the gap in depression recognition by nurses in primary care in Zimbabwe, even with training initiatives.

## Key findings

- 6.0% of patients screened positive for depression using the PHQ-9, but none were recognized by nurses.
- 22.0% of patients had probable depression or anxiety based on the SSQ-14, yet nurses did not document these conditions.
- Most nurses had not received formal mental health training (mhGAP) before the study.

## Abstract

Depression is underrecognized in primary care, which is a barrier to treatment. For the last decade, Zimbabwe has invested in increasing access to depression treatment within primary healthcare. This study describes depression recognition by nurses and referral to treatment in four primary care clinics in Zimbabwe. Research staff screened 200 patients after they attended a primary care visit at a study clinic. They assessed depression using the PHQ-9 and assessed depression and/or anxiety using the Shona Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ-14). Medical records were examined for depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. Positive depression and anxiety screens were compared with nurse documentation. 69.5% of participants were women and 56.5% were living with HIV. 6.0% had a PHQ-9 score ≥11, indicative of depression, and 22.0% had an SSQ score ≥9, indicative of depression and/or anxiety. None of the patients who screened positive for probable depression and/or anxiety were recognized by nurses. Nurses who saw the patients in the sample were surveyed. Most had not received formal training on mental health in primary care (mhGAP) prior to patient data collection. Despite efforts to expand depression treatment in Zimbabwe, individuals with probable depression were unrecognized by nurses, though nurses offered some care for other mental health conditions.