# Tumor cell villages define the co-dependency of tumor and microenvironment in liver cancer

## TL;DR

The study reveals how tumor cells and their surroundings form distinct clusters, or 'villages,' in liver cancer, which are linked to patient outcomes.

## Contribution

The novel concept of tumor cell villages and their specific molecular co-dependencies with the microenvironment is introduced.

## Key findings

- Tumor cell states are organized into distinct spatial clusters called 'villages' supported by unique microenvironments.
- Perturbing the microenvironment disrupts tumor cell villages and their stability.
- Village-specific molecular co-dependencies correlate with patient outcomes in liver cancer.

## Abstract

Spatial cellular context is crucial in shaping intratumor heterogeneity. However, understanding how each tumor establishes its unique spatial landscape and what factors drive the landscape for tumor fitness remains significantly challenging. Here, we analyze over 2 million cells from 50 tumor biospecimens using spatial single-cell imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing. We develop a deep learning-based strategy to spatially map tumor cell states and their surrounding environmental architecture, and find that different tumor cell states can be organized into distinct clusters, or “villages,” each supported by unique microenvironments. Notably, tumor cell villages exhibit village-specific molecular co-dependencies between tumor cells and their microenvironment and are associated with patient outcomes. Perturbation of molecular co-dependencies via random spatial shuffling of the microenvironment results in destabilization of the corresponding villages. We validate our findings using single-cell, spatial, and bulk transcriptome data from 740 liver cancer patients. This study provides insights into understanding tumor spatial landscape and its impact on tumor aggressiveness.

Understanding how each tumor establishes its unique spatial landscape and what factors drive the landscape for tumor fitness remains significantly challenging. Here, the authors employ spatial single-cell imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze 50 liver cancer biospecimens and find that different tumor cell states may be organized into distinct clusters, or ‘villages’.