# Assessment of nutritional change processes and their relationship with macronutrient intake and anthropometric measurements in adults

## TL;DR

This study explores how adults' efforts to change their nutrition habits relate to their weight, diet, and body composition, finding that past dieting and obesity are linked to higher engagement in these processes.

## Contribution

The study identifies that obesity and dieting history correlate with higher nutritional change process scores, but these associations are influenced by age, gender, and energy intake.

## Key findings

- Obese participants had the highest Nutritional Change Processes Scale (NCPS) scores compared to underweight-normal and overweight participants.
- Participants with a history of dieting had significantly higher NCPS scores than those without.
- Higher NCPS scores correlated positively with BMI and body fat percentage but negatively with energy intake and carbohydrate consumption.

## Abstract

This study assessed the relationship between adults' nutritional behavior change process and their diet implementation, energy, macronutrient intake, and anthropometric measurements.

This cross-sectional study was conducted with 400 adults (50% men, 50% women, median age 27 years). A face-to-face questionnaire including sociodemographic information, smoking status, diet experience, and the Nutritional Change Processes Scale (NCPS) was applied. Food consumption was recorded using a 24-hour recall method, and anthropometric measurements were taken.

Among participants, 50.5% were classified as underweight-normal, 33.5% as overweight, and 16% as obese, while 37.8% had past dieting experience. Those with a dieting history had significantly higher NCPS scores [110 (52–192)] than those without [77 (48–176); p < 0.001]. The NCPS score of obese participants [113.50 (52–192)] was the highest compared to underweight-normal [79.50 (48–177)] and overweight [90.5 (48–176)] participants (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between total NCPS score and body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage (r = 0.200, p < 0.001; r = 0.355, p < 0.001; r = 0.161, p = 0.001, respectively). A negative correlation was observed with energy intake, carbohydrates, and carbohydrate percentage (r = −0.132, p = 0.008; r = −0.165, p = 0.001; r = −0.158, p = 0.002, respectively). However, in multivariable analyses, the association between BMI and NCPS was no longer significant after adjustment for age and gender, and was significantly influenced by energy intake (p < 0.05).

This study shows that obesity and past dieting experiences are associated with higher involvement in dietary behavior change processes, but this relationship is significantly influenced by age, gender, and energy intake. Furthermore, the finding that high awareness does not guarantee balanced macronutrient intake underscores the need for multidimensional weight management strategies that address both individual cognitive factors and environmental determinants.