# Welfare indicators in cattle farming in the face of heat stress: a review in climate change scenarios

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how European and Zebu cattle differ in their ability to handle heat stress, which is important for adapting livestock farming to climate change.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comparative analysis of European and Zebu cattle resilience to heat stress, offering insights for sustainable livestock strategies.

## Key findings

- European cattle are highly productive but less adapted to heat stress.
- Zebu cattle show greater hardiness and resistance to high temperatures.
- Understanding these differences can guide breed selection and sustainable production systems.

## Abstract

This work consists of a narrative review that addresses the differences between European cattle and Zebu cattle in their resilience to environmental challenges. It was developed based on scientific articles, theses, dissertations, and technical documents available in recognized databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed, prioritizing recent studies from 2020 to 2025 that are relevant to the topic. The method used was a narrative review, in which publications addressing the physiological, behavioral, bioclimatic, and adaptive production parameters of each animal group were selected, allowing for a comparative analysis of their main characteristics. The results indicate that European cattle, although highly productive, are less adapted to heat, while zebu cattle stand out for their hardiness, resistance to high temperatures, and lower incidence of diseases. The conclusion is that analyzing these differences is essential to guide breed selection, genetic improvement strategies, and the adoption of more sustainable production systems, favoring greater livestock efficiency and resilience under diverse environmental conditions.