# Contextual adaptation, implementation, and outcomes of individual placement and support: a case study

## TL;DR

This study examines how adapting the IPS model in Swedish mental health services affects its effectiveness and fidelity.

## Contribution

The study introduces the MADI framework to analyze adaptations and their impact on IPS implementation in mental health services.

## Key findings

- Adaptations to IPS can both support and hinder its core components and outcomes.
- Excessive adaptations may compromise fidelity and effectiveness of IPS.
- The MADI framework helps understand adaptation pathways in mental health services.

## Abstract

Implementing the evidence-based Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model in welfare states like Sweden faces contextual challenges that often necessitate local adaptations to enhance fit and effectiveness. While fidelity assessments aim to ensure effective outcomes, adaptations may lead to unintended drift from core components. The Model for Adaptation Design and Impact (MADI) help analyse the characteristics of adaptations and their ripple effects. This study explores the interplay between implementation, adaptations and fidelity in mental health services using the MADI framework.

An embedded case study design was used, involving five mental health services in a major Swedish city. Data from 26 key informants, field notes, and meeting protocols were analysed using content analysis and interpreted through the MADI framework.

The adaptations were both planned and unplanned, some adaptations supported the integration of IPS and others negatively impacted core components, revealing unintended impacts on implementation and intervention outcomes.

To understand adaptations and its pathways when implementing IPS in mental health services, and other stakeholders, the MADI framework is valuable. Excessive adaptations can compromise core values and fidelity assessments must account for adaptations and their consequences. To ensure IPS remains effective, some practices within mental health services and other organisations may need to be revised or adapt to the method itself to support IPS implementation and outcomes. The findings offer valuable insights for professionals and user organisations adopting evidence-based practices in mental health services.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43058-026-00875-5.