# Functional, Contextual, and Interventional Drivers of Formal Coercion in Acute Mental Health Units: A Feature Analysis

## TL;DR

This study explores factors that lead to formal coercion in mental health units, identifying behavioral and contextual drivers through nurse reports and machine learning.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel ecological, bottom-up approach to understanding formal coercion drivers in mental health units.

## Key findings

- Behavioral responses to challenging stimuli and self-harm incidents are top drivers of formal coercion.
- Specific de-escalation techniques and incidents directed at nurses are linked to coercion events.
- A hierarchy of behavioral functions was proposed based on the analysis of nurse reports.

## Abstract

Minimising formal coercion, such as seclusion, physical restraint, and forced medication, remains a global priority in acute mental health units. However, key drivers beyond individual‐level features are poorly understood. This exploratory analysis was intended to identify the top functional, contextual, and interventional features linked to formal coercion in three Australian acute adult mental health inpatient units. Nested within a mixed concurrent control study, this feature analysis examined nurses' reports of 2955 de‐escalation events over 324 days, from March 2024 to April 2025, including nurses' commentaries on the behavioural functions that triggered de‐escalations. Fifteen inductively coded functional features were analysed alongside 15 contextual and 16 interventional features. Studied target variables included seclusion and physical restraint events and their durations, as‐needed intramuscular psychotropic events, physical injury events, and Code Black activations. Features were analysed using bivariate statistics and machine learning techniques, including the Boruta algorithm for feature selection and random forest regressions for predictive modelling. Top drivers for the use of formal coercion included behavioural ‘Responses to Challenging, Physical and External Stimuli,’ incidents of self‐harm, incidents directed towards nurses, and the application of specific de‐escalation techniques. A hierarchy of behavioural functions is proposed as a by‐product of this analysis. These findings provide nuanced insights into the drivers of formal coercion and the underlying value arrangements, as well as elevate the merit of ecological, bottom‐up approaches in early warning signs work.