# Technological arrangements for regulating access to healthcare: experience in the state of São Paulo

**Authors:** Mariana Prado Freire, Arthur Chioro, Luís Fernando Nogueira Tofani, André Luiz Bigal, Marília Cristina Prado Louvison, Mariana Prado Freire, Arthur Chioro, Luís Fernando Nogueira Tofani, André Luiz Bigal, Marília Cristina Prado Louvison

PMC · DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060006604 · Revista de Saúde Pública · 2026-02-23

## TL;DR

This study examines how municipalities in São Paulo managed healthcare access during the pandemic, highlighting challenges and strategies used.

## Contribution

The study provides insights into the regulatory arrangements and challenges faced in expanding healthcare access during the pandemic in São Paulo.

## Key findings

- Most municipalities used state regulation centers to manage Covid-19 beds, but faced significant access difficulties.
- Large municipalities expanded beds through field hospitals and private agreements, while smaller ones used regional strategies.
- Digital mechanisms and new regulatory strategies were adopted despite structural and political challenges.

## Abstract

To describe and analyze the regulatory arrangements used to expand access to beds and health services during Covid-19.

This study, part of the Research for the SUS Program funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp) and the Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (Sctie-MS) Fapesp/Sctie used mixed methods to investigate the management of network care to face Covid-19 in São Paulo. Data was collected via an electronic questionnaire sent to managers in 645 municipalities between November 2021 and February 2022, with the support of the São Paulo Council of Municipal Health Secretaries (COSEMS-SP). The responses were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, with a focus on regulating access to healthcare.

255 valid responses were collected (39.5% of São Paulo municipalities). Most municipalities regulated Covid-19 beds through the state regulation center (58%) and faced difficulties with access (53.7%), insufficient beds and 68.6% difficulties with hospitalization. The creation of new services was reported by 83.1%, and 70.0% implemented specific flows to expand access. In outpatient access, 54.5% used multiple regulation strategies. Financial resources were sufficient for 54.0% of the municipalities and 86.3% faced difficulties in acquiring supplies. Statistically significant associations were observed between municipal size and regulation variables.

The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of bed regulation and the unequal distribution between the public and private sectors. This study identified challenges such as insufficient beds, difficulties in admitting patients, and a reduction in outpatient services. Large municipalities have expanded beds through field hospitals and agreements with private hospitals. Small and medium-sized municipalities adopted regional strategies and multiple protocols. Regional coordination and state regulation were crucial in managing the response, but difficulties with supplies and human resources impacted on access. The incorporation of digital mechanisms and new regulatory strategies was important, despite the structural and political challenges that aggravated the emergency response.

Descrever e analisar os arranjos de regulação empregados para a ampliação do acesso a leitos e serviços de saúde durante a covid-19.

Estudo parte de pesquisa Programa Pesquisa para o SUS financiada pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp) e da Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde (Sctie-MS), utilizando métodos mistos, investigou a gestão do cuidado em rede para enfrentar a covid-19 em São Paulo. Dados foram coletados via questionário eletrônico, enviado a gestores de 645 municípios entre novembro de 2021 e fevereiro de 2022, com apoio do Conselho dos Secretários Municipais de Saúde de São Paulo (Cosems-SP). As respostas foram analisadas quantitativa e qualitativamente, com foco na regulação do acesso à saúde.

Foram coletadas 255 respostas válidas (39,5% dos municípios paulistas). A maioria dos municípios regulou leitos covid-19 pela central de regulação estadual (58%) e enfrentou dificuldades de acesso (53,7%), insuficiência de leitos e 68,6% dificuldades para internação. A criação de novos serviços foi relatada por 83,1%, e 70,0% implementaram fluxos específicos para ampliar o acesso. No acesso ambulatorial, 54,5% usaram múltiplas estratégias de regulação. Recursos financeiros foram suficientes para 54,0% dos municípios e 86,3% enfrentaram dificuldades na aquisição de insumos. Associações estatísticas significativas foram observadas entre porte municipal e variáveis de regulação.

A pandemia de covid-19 destacou a importância da regulação de leitos e a desigualdade na distribuição entre os setores público e privado. Este estudo identificou desafios como a insuficiência de leitos, dificuldades na internação de pacientes e a redução de serviços ambulatoriais. Municípios de grande porte ampliaram leitos por meio de hospitais de campanha e acordos com hospitais privados. Já os pequenos e médios adotaram estratégias regionais e protocolos múltiplos. A articulação regional e a regulação estadual foram cruciais na gestão da resposta, mas as dificuldades com insumos e recursos humanos impactaram o acesso. A incorporação de mecanismos digitais e novas estratégias de regulação foram importantes, apesar dos desafios estruturais e políticos que agravaram a resposta emergencial.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** Covid-19 (MONDO:0100096)

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** COVID-19 (MESH:D000086382), infected (MESH:D007239), deaths (MESH:D003643), infectious (MESH:D003141), chronic diseases (MESH:D002908), SARS-Cov2 (MESH:D045169), UTI (MESH:D005862)
- **Chemicals:** oxygen (MESH:D010100), Acesso Efetivo aos (-)
- **Species:** Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 2697049], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Figura (genus) [taxon 1572178]

## Full text

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## References

43 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12928190/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12928190