# Risk of reintroduction of vaccine-preventable diseases in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

**Authors:** José Elisomar Silva de Santana, Maria Lígia Bacciotte Ramos Nerger, Tatiana Lang D’ Agostini, Joyce Ribeiro da Conceição Santos, Sheila Aparecida Ferreira Lachtim, Camilla Stephane Oliveira Silva, Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, José Elisomar Silva de Santana, Maria Lígia Bacciotte Ramos Nerger, Tatiana Lang D’ Agostini, Joyce Ribeiro da Conceição Santos, Sheila Aparecida Ferreira Lachtim, Camilla Stephane Oliveira Silva, Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos

PMC · DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2026060007062 · Revista de Saúde Pública · 2026-02-23

## TL;DR

This study assesses the risk of vaccine-preventable disease transmission in São Paulo's municipalities and how population size affects this risk before and after a vaccination quality initiative.

## Contribution

The study introduces a municipal-level risk classification system for vaccine-preventable diseases and evaluates the impact of a vaccination microplanning strategy.

## Key findings

- In 2022, the rotavirus vaccine had the highest coverage target achievement (46%) among São Paulo's municipalities.
- By 2023, the rotavirus vaccine coverage improved to 68%, and the pneumococcal vaccine reached 57%.
- Large municipalities saw a reduction in high transmission risk from 100% to 91.2% after the microplanning initiative.

## Abstract

To analyze the risk classification of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases in the municipalities of the state of São Paulo (SP) and to assess the influence of population size on the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (RTDI) before and after the implementation of Microplanning for High-Quality Vaccination Activities.

This is an epidemiological study with an ecological design, conducted using secondary data on vaccination coverage for nine immunobiologicals recommended in the immunization schedule for children under two years of age. It also examines dropout rates for multi-dose vaccines within the same age group in the state of São Paulo, covering the years 2022 and 2023. Following the calculation of all indicators, municipalities were classified according to their risk of transmission for vaccine-preventable diseases.

Analyses of vaccination coverage indicators, dropout rates, homogeneity of vaccination coverage among vaccines for children under two years of age, and the RTDI indicator for children aged one year or younger revealed that, in 2022, the human rotavirus vaccine had the highest proportion of municipalities reaching the coverage target (46%), followed by the meningococcal vaccine (39%). In 2023, the human rotavirus vaccine maintained the highest proportion of municipalities reaching the target (68%), followed by the pneumococcal vaccine (57%). Regarding the RTDI, in large municipalities, high risk fell from 100% to 91.2%, while in medium-sized municipalities there was a reduction from 90.8% to 66.7%, and in small municipalities, from 68.3% to 56%.

Challenges remain within the state regarding the RTDI classification for vaccination, particularly in medium-sized and large municipalities. The use of immunization indicators at the municipal level can be highly effective for proposing health interventions aimed at increasing vaccination coverage.

Analisar a classificação de risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis por vacinação nos municípios do estado de São Paulo (SP) e verificar a influência do porte populacional no risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis (RTDI) antes e depois da implementação do Microplanejamento para as Atividades de Vacinação de Alta Qualidade.

Estudo epidemiológico, com delineamento ecológico, realizado com dados secundários de cobertura vacinal de nove imunobiológicos recomendados para o calendário vacinal de crianças menores de dois anos e da taxa de abandono para as vacinas de multidoses na mesma faixa etária no estado de SP, abrangendo os anos de 2022 e 2023. Após o cálculo de todos os indicadores, os municípios foram classificados conforme o risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis por vacinação.

As análises dos indicadores de cobertura vacinal, taxa de abandono, homogeneidade de cobertura vacinal entre vacinas em menores de dois anos e indicador RTDI para menores ou igual a um ano revelaram que, em 2022, a vacina contra rotavírus humano apresentou a maior proporção de municípios que atingiram a meta de cobertura, com 46%, seguida pela vacina meningocócica (39%). No ano de 2023, a vacina contra rotavírus humano manteve-se com a maior proporção de municípios que atingiram a meta de cobertura (68%), seguida pela vacina pneumocócica (57%). Com relação ao RTDI, nos municípios de grande porte, o risco alto caiu de 100% para 91,2%, enquanto em municípios de médio porte houve redução de 90,8 para 66,7% e, nos de pequeno porte, de 68,3 para 56%.

Existem desafios no estado quanto à classificação de RTDI por vacinação, especialmente em municípios de médio e grande porte. A utilização de indicadores de imunização por municípios pode ser bastante válida para a proposição de intervenções em saúde, visando ao aumento das coberturas vacinais.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** meningococcal disease (MONDO:0005373)

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** pertussis (MESH:D014917), yellow fever (MESH:D015004), smallpox (MESH:D012899), diphtheria (MESH:D004165), PNI (MESH:D005862), polio (MESH:D011051), measles (MESH:D008457), rubella (MESH:D012409), Covid-19 (MESH:D000086382), meningococica C (OMIM:211750), pneumococcal (MESH:D011008), 10- (MESH:C557827), ESF (MESH:C535675), VC (MESH:D004673), vaccine-preventable diseases (MESH:D000079263), varicella (MESH:D002644), MMR (MESH:D009107), meningococcal (MESH:D008589)
- **Chemicals:** Agostini (-)
- **Species:** Rotavirus (genus) [taxon 10912], Enterovirus C (no rank) [taxon 138950], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (no rank) [taxon 2697049], Human rotavirus (species) [taxon 1906931], Measles morbillivirus (no rank) [taxon 11234], Bacillus sp. CG (species) [taxon 1196795]

## Full text

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## Figures

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## References

25 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12928189/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12928189