# Clinical Characteristics and Management of Two Cases of Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome With Germ Cell Tumors

## TL;DR

Two women with a rare genetic condition called complete androgen insensitivity syndrome developed germ cell tumors and were successfully treated with surgery and hormone therapy.

## Contribution

The study reports two rare cases of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome with germ cell tumors, emphasizing the role of genetic profiling in diagnosis and management.

## Key findings

- Whole exome sequencing identified multiple androgen receptor gene mutations in both patients.
- Surgical lumpectomy and hormone replacement therapy led to no tumor recurrence in 12–24 months of follow-up.
- Clinical, imaging, hormonal, and genetic data integration is crucial for diagnosing CAIS with germ cell tumors.

## Abstract

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an X‐linked recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, leading to androgen resistance and disorders of sex development (DSD) in 46, XY individuals. It is classified into three phenotypes: complete (CAIS), partial (PAIS), and mild (MAIS). CAIS is characterized by normal external female genitalia, primary amenorrhea, and a 46, XY karyotype. While the risk of germ cell tumors (GCTs) in CAIS is generally low due to rapid germ cell depletion from absent AR responsiveness, GCTs still occur in adulthood, and clinical data on such cases remain limited—especially regarding detailed genetic profiling and long‐term management outcomes.

This study presents two adult CAIS patients with GCTs, managed at one tertiary hospital in Beijing, China, between 2020 and 2022. Both patients were raised as females and presented with primary amenorrhea:

A 43‐year‐old married woman with a 5‐year history of abdominal distension and 5‐month history of impaired bowel movements. Preoperative imaging revealed bilateral pelvic masses (left: 7.7 × 6.4 cm; right: 2.2 × 2.0 cm), and laboratory tests showed elevated testosterone, LH, FSH, AFP, and β‐HCG. She underwent 3‐dimensional laparoscopic pelvic lumpectomy; histopathology confirmed left seminoma and right testicular tissue dysplasia. Whole exome sequencing (WES) identified four AR gene mutations (c.171_191del, c.255_257del, c.1368_1369insGGC, c.T2723C).

A 31‐year‐old unmarried woman with a history of bilateral inguinal hernia repair (age 2) and prior right pelvic lumpectomy (1 year 8 months prior, with histopathology confirming seminoma). She presented for management of a residual left pelvic mass (3.4 × 2.0 cm). Laboratory tests showed elevated testosterone, LH, and FSH; AFP and β‐HCG were normal. She underwent three‐dimensional laparoscopic left pelvic lumpectomy; histopathology confirmed intratubular germ cell neoplasia. WES identified three AR gene mutations (c.171_179del, c.255_257del, c.G2495A).

The two cases highlight the importance of integrating clinical, imaging, hormonal, and genetic data for diagnosing CAIS with GCTs. WES effectively identified multiple AR mutations, which may contribute to the severe CAIS phenotype and GCT development. Postoperative follow‐up (12–24 months) showed no tumor recurrence, and hormone replacement therapy maintained normal secondary sexual characteristics. These findings improve understanding of rare CAIS‐GCT comorbidity and support optimized diagnostic and management strategies.