# Multiomics assessment of lung adenocarcinoma subtypes defined through tumor purity-adjusted DNA methylation

## TL;DR

This study identifies four distinct lung adenocarcinoma subtypes based on DNA methylation patterns, revealing their unique molecular and clinical features.

## Contribution

A novel multiomics approach using tumor purity-adjusted DNA methylation to define LUAD subtypes with distinct biological and clinical characteristics.

## Key findings

- Four epigenetic subtypes (M1-M4) were identified, each with distinct methylation and expression profiles.
- M3 subtype showed lower DNA methylation in NAPSA/surfactant genes despite global promoter hypermethylation.
- LUAD cell lines recapitulated tumor epitype characteristics, supporting epigenetic states as drivers of tumor phenotypes.

## Abstract

Molecular subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with varying prognosis and characteristics have been proposed based on one or two-dimensional studies but are not yet implemented into clinical routine. Epigenetic modifications in cancer cells are independent of sequence variants, directly linked to gene and genome regulation, and thus provide important information to guide subclassification efforts.

We performed in-depth epigenomic profiling of 95 primary LUAD samples from a Swedish discovery cohort with comprehensive clinicopathological, epigenomic, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data. Additionally, we estimated pure tumor cell methylomes using a computational approach. We subdivided the discovery cohort into four epigenetic subtypes, the epitypes, reflecting distinct tumor cell methylation states. Resulting epitypes were contrasted based on clinicopathological and molecular features, and our main findings were validated in two additional primary tumor cohorts totaling over 700 samples.

Of the four DNA methylation epitypes, M1-M4, M1 and M4 were associated with the previously proposed mRNA subtypes Terminal Respiratory Unit and Proximal Proliferative, respectively. Epitypes M2 and M3 showed similar mRNA/protein subtype composition but differed with respect to e.g., higher expression of the LUAD histology-associated NAPSA/surfactant metabolism expression metagene in M3. Genes included in this metagene showed lower DNA methylation in M3, counter to a global tendency towards promoter hypermethylation in this epitype. To further delineate tumor intrinsic links between the epigenomic and expression phenotypes, 62 LUAD cell lines classified into the four epitypes were investigated and recapitulated several characteristics from the tumor epitypes, such as methylation and expression pattens of NAPSA/surfactant genes, highlighting epigenetic states as likely drivers or maintainers of broad tumor phenotypes and differentiation states.

Dissecting LUAD based on combined biological characteristics using multiomics data has deepened our understanding of the heterogeneity in this complex disease and the mechanisms underlying phenotype formation and maintenance. There remains a critical need for large, publicly accessible, well-annotated multiomic LUAD cohorts to support rigorous subtype discovery and validation, particularly those linked to targeted therapy trial outcomes.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-026-01609-x.