# β-amyloid and β-amyloid precursor protein synthesis and processing: effects of exercise and exercise-related injury

**Authors:** Weizhe Zhen, Yanfeng Xing, Yongqin Li, Junhang Hao, Linglei Kong, Hongjun Zhen

PMC · DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2026.1735542 · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · 2026-02-09

## TL;DR

This paper explores how exercise and exercise-related injuries might influence the processing of β-amyloid precursor protein, which is linked to Alzheimer's disease.

## Contribution

The study investigates the impact of exercise on APP processing and its changes in injury-related conditions, offering new insights into Alzheimer's prevention.

## Key findings

- Exercise may influence β-amyloid precursor protein processing and assembly.
- Exercise-related injuries could alter APP processing mechanisms.
- Future research directions are proposed to prevent adverse outcomes from these injuries.

## Abstract

During the processing and assembly of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), the amyloidogenic pathway represents a crucial component of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. The non-amyloidogenic pathway does not generate toxic Aβ. For a long time, research has delved deeply into both pathways, elucidating numerous important details and mechanisms within these processes. Scientists and clinicians have sought to design effective therapeutic interventions based on these mechanisms. However, this endeavor has encountered numerous setbacks, resulting in no currently available drugs capable of reversing AD progression. Regarding APP processing and assembly, we are curious whether daily activities influence these processes. We focus on exercise as a daily activity, systematically exploring whether it affects APP processing and assembly and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we examine alterations in APP processing and assembly in exercise-related injury disorders, summarizing and analyzing existing research. We discuss promising future research directions, aiming to contribute to preventing adverse outcomes following exercise-related injuries.

## Linked entities

- **Proteins:** APP (amyloid beta precursor protein)
- **Diseases:** Alzheimer’s disease (MONDO:0004975)

## Full-text entities

- **Genes:** TAS2R64P (taste 2 receptor member 64, pseudogene) [NCBI Gene 338412] {aka PS2, T2R64, T2R64P}, CTSE (cathepsin E) [NCBI Gene 1510] {aka CATE}, ESR1 (estrogen receptor 1) [NCBI Gene 2099] {aka ER, ESR, ESRA, ESTRR, Era, NR3A1}, COX8A (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A) [NCBI Gene 1351] {aka COX, COX8, COX8-2, COX8L, MC4DN15, VIII}, COX1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) [NCBI Gene 4512] {aka COI, MTCO1}, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) [NCBI Gene 2597] {aka G3PD, GAPD, HEL-S-162eP}, CD8A (CD8 subunit alpha) [NCBI Gene 925] {aka CD8, CD8alpha, IMD116, Leu2, p32}, TNFSF11 (TNF superfamily member 11) [NCBI Gene 8600] {aka CD254, ODF, OPGL, OPTB2, RANKL, TNLG6B}, APLP1 (amyloid beta precursor like protein 1) [NCBI Gene 333] {aka APLP}, COX3 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit III) [NCBI Gene 4514] {aka COIII, MTCO3}, CREB1 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1) [NCBI Gene 1385] {aka CREB, CREB-1}, PRKCA (protein kinase C alpha) [NCBI Gene 5578] {aka AAG6, PKC-alpha, PKCA, PKCI+/-, PKCalpha}, MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 5594] {aka ERK, ERK-2, ERK2, ERT1, MAPK2, NS13}, CTSB (cathepsin B) [NCBI Gene 1508] {aka APPS, CPSB, KWE, RECEUP}, MB (myoglobin) [NCBI Gene 4151] {aka MYOSB, PVALB}, MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau) [NCBI Gene 4137] {aka DDPAC, FTD1, FTDP-17, MAPTL, MSTD, MTBT1}, BACE1 (beta-secretase 1) [NCBI Gene 23621] {aka ASP2, BACE, HSPC104}, CTSS (cathepsin S) [NCBI Gene 1520], NRG1 (neuregulin 1) [NCBI Gene 3084] {aka ARIA, GGF, GGF2, HGL, HRG, HRG1}, COX2 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit II) [NCBI Gene 4513] {aka COII, MTCO2}, CTSD (cathepsin D) [NCBI Gene 1509] {aka CLN10, CPSD, HEL-S-130P}, TRAP [NCBI Gene 100187907], APLP2 (amyloid beta precursor like protein 2) [NCBI Gene 334] {aka APLP-2, APPH, APPL2, CDEBP}, PSENEN (presenilin enhancer, gamma-secretase subunit) [NCBI Gene 55851] {aka ACNINV2, MDS033, MSTP064, PEN-2, PEN2}, PTGS2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2) [NCBI Gene 5743] {aka COX-2, COX2, GRIPGHS, PGG/HS, PGHS-2, PHS-2}, APP (amyloid beta precursor protein) [NCBI Gene 351] {aka AAA, ABETA, ABPP, AD1, APPI, CTFgamma}
- **Diseases:** exercise (MESH:D000092202), vestibular migraine (MESH:D008881), amyloid plaques (MESH:D058225), abnormalities in learning, memory, and cognitive function (MESH:D003072), memory deficits (MESH:D008569), skeletal damage (MESH:C535850), depression (MESH:D003866), Muscle injuries (MESH:D009135), dementia (MESH:D003704), amyloid (MESH:C000718787), joint (MESH:D007592), Osteoporosis (MESH:D010024), rhabdomyolysis (MESH:D012206), hip fracture (MESH:D006620), muscle mass (MESH:C536030), lumbar disk herniation (MESH:D007405), femoral neck fractures (MESH:D005265), fracture injury (MESH:D008337), muscle strain (MESH:D013180), neurotoxicity (MESH:D020258), AD (MESH:D000544), neuropsychiatric symptoms (MESH:D001523), sports injuries (MESH:D001265), cancers (MESH:D009369), neuroinflammation (MESH:D000090862), inflammation (MESH:D007249), trauma (MESH:D014947), Fracture (MESH:D050723)
- **Chemicals:** ATP (MESH:D000255), heme (MESH:D006418), C-99 (-), arachidonic acid (MESH:D016718), PGE2 (MESH:D015232), Ginsenoside Rg1 (MESH:C035054), prostaglandin (MESH:D011453), pyruvate (MESH:D019289), oxygen (MESH:D010100)
- **Species:** Bacteria Latreille et al. 1825 (Bacteria stick insect, genus) [taxon 629395], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090]

## Full text

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## Figures

3 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12926477/full.md

## References

91 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12926477/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12926477