# Geographical variation in the chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Solidago gigantea essential oils

## TL;DR

This study examines how the chemical makeup and antibacterial effects of Solidago gigantea essential oils vary by location in Hungary.

## Contribution

The study reveals geographical variation in the antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of Solidago gigantea essential oils.

## Key findings

- SEO3 showed the strongest antimicrobial activity and highest biofilm inhibition.
- E. coli was most susceptible to SEO, while P. aeruginosa was most resistant.
- Synergistic effects were observed between SEO and antibiotics like gentamicin and ceftriaxone.

## Abstract

The antibacterial significance of the essential oil of Solidago gigantea, a North American native species invasive in Europe, remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of Solidago gigantea essential oils (SEO) collected from three distinct Hungarian locations and evaluated their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 25923, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.

Essential oils (SEO1, SEO2, SEO3) were obtained from inflorescences of Solidago gigantea by water-steam distillation. Chemical profiles were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Antibacterial activity was assessed by broth microdilution, biofilm inhibition, and membrane damage assays, while scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize bacterial cell alterations.

A total of 110 constituents were identified, and relative quantities of certain components varied among samples. The major components included cyclocolorenone (10.46–29.69%), α-pinene (5.09–12.41%), α-gurjunene (2.76–6.32%), and bornyl acetate (4.31–6.06%). Minimum inhibitory concentration tests revealed that E. coli was the most susceptible (0.31–0.62 mg/mL), MRSA showed intermediate sensitivity (0.62–1.25 mg/mL), and P. aeruginosa was the most resistant (1.25–2.50 mg/mL). Biofilm assays showed strong inhibitory effects: E. coli biofilms were reduced by up to 95.7%, MRSA by over 90%, and P. aeruginosa by 87.3%. Synergistic interactions were observed between SEO and gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, and between ceftriaxone and the oil against E. coli. The essential oil’s effectiveness varied by sampling location, with the SEO3 sample showing the strongest antimicrobial activity, including the highest biofilm inhibition and over 80% membrane disruption in all bacterial species after 60 min.

The essential oil of Solidago gigantea showed antibacterial and biofilm-inhibitory activity, influenced by the plant’s geographical origin.