# The Bioavailability of Xanthohumol in Humans and the Influence of Formulation and Dose: Randomized Controlled Trial Data

## TL;DR

This study shows that micellar formulation significantly improves xanthohumol bioavailability in humans, but it had no acute effects on energy expenditure or heart rate.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that micellization enhances xanthohumol bioavailability in humans, with no acute physiological effects observed.

## Key findings

- Micellar xanthohumol had approximately 9-fold higher bioavailability than native xanthohumol.
- Both formulations showed dose-dependent increases in maximum plasma concentrations and AUC.
- Micellar xanthohumol had no acute effects on resting energy expenditure, blood pressure, or heart rate.

## Abstract

Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalcone, which is mainly found in hops. Experimental studies show a variety of cardioprotective effects for xanthohumol, but so far there are only a few controlled studies on the bioavailability and efficacy of xanthohumol in humans. In a randomized crossover bioavailability trial, the plasma kinetics of 86 mg and 172 mg each of micellar or native xanthohumol were investigated. Blood samples were obtained at fasting (t
0), regularly until 9 h and 24 h after oral xanthohumol bolus administration and the plasma concentrations of xanthohumol, xanthohumol glucuronide, and xanthohumol sulfate were analyzed. Micellation increased the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) (p < 0.001) and maximum plasma concentration (p <0.001). Both formulations showed a dose‐dependent increase in xanthohumol maximum concentrations and AUC. The bioavailability was mainly influenced by micellation (p <0.001) and was approx. 9‐fold higher after intake of micellar xanthohumol than after intake of the native form, irrespective of the dose (p = 0.480). A subsequent randomized placebo‐controlled crossover bioactivity trial showed no acute effects of 172 mg micellar xanthohumol on resting energy expenditure, blood pressure, or heart rate. To conclude, bioavailability was significantly higher after ingestion of micellar xanthohumol than after ingestion of native xanthohumol.

The effects of two different doses of micellar and native xanthohumol on plasma kinetics were investigated in 12 healthy men and women. Micellization significantly improved the bioavailability of xanthohumol. A subsequent placebo‐controlled study on the acute effects of xanthohumol on resting energy expenditure, blood pressure, and heart rate in 16 healthy women showed no significant differences in the parameters between the groups.